Tsunami Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tsunami Analysis - Essay Example The process of research is the backbone to the preparation of any piece of academic writing. Research involves the processes of acknowledging sources, avoiding plagiarism, in-text referencing and preparation of references. According to an article from the University of Canberra, many students write their academic papers based on the ideas of other writers or authors. As a result, it is proper for these students to acknowledge sources since it gives credibility to the source or piece of writing being prepared. The acknowledgement of sources helps in supporting research conducted by the student or researcher. The article further clarifies that acknowledgement of sources gives authority to a piece of writing while at the same time it helps in avoiding plagiarism. Plagiarism is a crime that many students usually commit knowingly and unknowingly which can be avoided by properly acknowledging sources (Harbord, 2007). Finally the article gives examples of pieces of writing that could be con sidered as academic. Academic writing assignments include dissertations, literature reviews and annotated bibliographies which are commonly written by students. Dissertations can be short or long pieces of writing while literature reviews is a piece of writing that gives an overview of a research question or issue. Annotated bibliographies are also used in summarizing sources listed in the reference list and they are effective is shading light into the general idea expressed by the writer (Harbord, 2007). Different academic writing styles make use of citation styles such as APA, MLA and Harvard in acknowledging the sources from different authors. Generally, the article was important in giving... The paper tells that Asian Tsunami of the year 2004 did not spear the environment since several coastlands where the coastlines were redrawn leading to change in coastlines. For instance, the Andaman and Nicobar islands were severely destroyed by the Asian tsunami. Sea creatures were not speared in the aftermath of the tsunami as many sea animals were killed especially around the epicentre of the undersea earthquake. Once the ocean moved a lot of damage and catastrophe were noticed within a short period of time. The devastation led was noticed by the International community and many countries came along to the aid of the affected countries and people. Australia was one of the countries that came to the aid of the affected regions and people in the Asian region. Several Australian tourists who were holidaying in the region were evacuated with the help of the Australian governments. The tsunami was massive and it reached the coast of Australia but it did not cause a lot of damage. Aust ralia, the United States of America and several European countries mopped up funds and personnel aid to the Asian countries hit by the tsunami. Many people were displaced by the tsunami and they were in dire need of help thus help was extended to them. Most of these internally displaced people (IDP’s) lacked food, shelter, water and health services hence international community in conjunction with aid agencies such as the Red Cross and Medicine San Frontiers.

Any work of art in Baltimore Museum of Art or Walter's Museum Research Paper

Any work of art in Baltimore Museum of Art or Walter's Museum - Research Paper Example The artist here worked skillfully to make the viewer share these feelings. The artist was inspired by the work and ideologies of modern theologians, who implored the faithful to recognize with Christ in his torment. This painting was intended to point to Christ’s torment by depicting him hanging greatly with bowed head and bleeding wounds. A swarm of other statures forms the backdrop of the cross, and they are frequently notable for their expressiveness. From the artwork, the Virgin Mary weeps piteously in the foreground. Other hosts of statures are in oriental dress just gaze at Christ as if he has somewhat enthused them. These figures reflect a shift from style, but it also permeates the scene with enhanced reality, which in effect makes the episode more available to virtuous rumination (MacArthur 12-25). In this German art, episodes from the Passion have made the concentration of greater independent picture. This approach by the artist bought new probabilities for artists a s well as virtuous viewers. The artist seems to have been influenced by the spirit of Transformation, which is why he worked deftly to involve the emotions in meditation of Christ’s suffering and death. His painting dispenses with details of tales and environment and so compels the observer into undeviating engagement with the body of Christ. He has achieved this by showing Christ’s suffering with categorical realism at close proximity to the observer. â€Å"His style is nothing but a striking demonstration of the potency of artistic custom in the service of expressive effect.†2 The compacted configuration and superlative costumes of the statures both demonstrate the artist’s experience and emphasize the scenes reality (MacArthur 25-28). The Catholic Church reconfirmed the value of images in Christian devotion and the significance of the emotions in religious experience. These judgments warranted that the Church would persist to stimulate commissions for Italian painters, and that the life of Christ would retain its significance in art. Many paintings of the passion of Christ were commissioned for a Church. The body of Christ hanging on the wooden cross pertains to the image of a powerless, undressed tormented man, and many observers of the artwork recognize the culture of crucifixion. The nuisance of Christ’s crucifixion tale on the artwork is somewhat a type of defacement, which is, engraving a sophisticated narrative of sin and consecration onto the body of someone powerless, converting the maimed body of another into a symbol. The painter has used figures and environments in a life-like manner to make the scenes appear existent and the message convincing. Christ is the innermost stature in the painting. The painter has adroitly utilized the symbols and tales of Christianity to narrate the happening in the artwork, shaping how the violence is viewed and understood. â€Å"Christ’s crucifixion endeavors to make conse quential the suffering of another, but still stimulates another desecration.†3 Superimposing a Christian tale on a worshipper’s suffering to provide that suffering meaning in terms of the individuals causing that suffering thinks a narrative of triumph, salvation, where there is none

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of commercial nano-titania Mostafa Mahinroosta* Abstract Addition of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (especially transition metal oxides) to ammonium perchlorate improves its thermal decomposition via decreasing the high temperature of decomposition. Two mechanisms including electron-transfer and proton-transfer have been proposed for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. In this research field, nanometer transition metal oxides have attracted a growing attention. Titanium dioxide exists under three crystalline forms of rutile, anatase, and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more stable than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. In the present study, commercial nano-titania with an average particle size of 10-25 nm was added to ammonium perchlorate. Catalytic effect of the titania nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate was evaluated. Some samples of ammonium perchlorate consisting of various mass l oadings of nano-titania were prepared. Thermogravimetry analysis results indicate that addition of titania nanoparticles to ammonium perchlorate lessens decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate. The most decrease in the decomposition temperature was 61  °C and observed in the presence of 3 wt.% of nanometer titanium dioxide. Keywords: Titania; Ammonium perchlorate; Thermal decomposition; Nanostructure. 1. Introduction Over the past few years, nanoparticles of many different compounds and combinations have received considerable attention in the scientific and engineering research fields [1]. Nanometer materials exhibit a much larger surface area for a certain mass or volume compared to conventional particles [2]. The oxide nanoparticles are the materials with good electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties that are different from their bulk counterparts [3]. Reduction in the particle size lessens the transient heat conduction travel through the particle over time, and an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio leads to better dispersion of the particles in the mixture, increasing the reactant sites. Finally, the nanometer particles can have completely different surface chemistry, often better than their micron-sized counterparts [4]. Among these nanostructure oxides, titanium dioxide or titania (TiO2) nanostructures have emerged as one of the most promising materials because of their p otential for gas sensors, especially for humidity and oxygen detection [2, 3, 5], optical devices [3, 5, 6], photocatalysis [2, 3, 6], fabricating capacitors in microelectronic devices due to its unusually high dielectric constant [3, 6], pigments [2, 7], adsorbents [7], and solar cells [5]. A relatively low level of TiO2 is needed to achieve a white opaque coating which is resistant to discoloration under ultraviolet light. TiO2 pigment is used in many diverse products, such as paints, coatings, glazes, enamels, plastics, papers, inks, fibers, foods, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Pure titanium dioxide is colorless in the massive state, non-toxic, thermally stable, inert versus acids, alkalis and solvents, and insoluble. It exists under three fundamental crystalline phases: rutile which is the most stable and the most abundant form, anatase (octahedrite) and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more s table than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. Generally speaking, the functional properties of nano-TiO2 are influenced by a large number of factors such as particle size, surface area, synthesis method and conditions, and crystallinity [2]. The presence of nano metals and metal oxides especially transition metal oxides as the nanocatalyst in solid propellant formulations tailors the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP in short). Thermal decomposition improvement of AP as a powerful oxidizer salt has attracted many attentions [1, 4, 8-10]. Decrease amounts of decomposition temperature of AP in the presence of the different nano metal and metal oxides are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 is here Vargeese [26] showed that significant reduction in activation energy indicates a strong catalytic activity of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP. Fujimura and Miyake [27] studied the effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP and concluded that the thermal decomposition temperature of AP decreases when the specific surface area of TiO2 increases. The catalytic effect of commercial nanometer titanium dioxide on the thermal decomposition of AP is investigated within the scope of this study. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Ammonium perchlorate (monomodal 120  µm) was purchased from Merck. Commercial nano-TiO2 in anatase form was purchased from Pishgaman Company located in Mashhad, Iran (Figure. 1). Its purity was more than 99%. Chemical composition and physical properties of nano-TiO2 are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Table 2 is here Table 3 is here 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. X-ray diffraction analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles was performed with a Philips PW 1800 powder X-ray diffractometer using CuKÃŽ ± radiation at 40 kV and 30 mA. 2.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nano-TiO2 was prepared on a Philips transmission electron microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. 2.2.3. Thermogravimetry analysis The thermal decomposition processes of the samples were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) using Dupont 2000 instrument at a heating rate of 10  °C/min until temperature of 600  °C. 2.2.4. Sample preparation The AP was mixed with various mass loadings of TiO2 nanoparticles namely 1, 2, and 3 wt.% to prepare the samples for thermal decomposition study. Theses samples were labeled as AP1T (AP+1% nano-TiO2), AP2T (AP+2% nano-TiO2), and AP3T (AP+3% nano-TiO2). Before thermal decomposition experiments using TGA technique, the samples were homogenized. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Characterization of nanostructure The TEM analysis was performed to confirm the actual size of the particles and the distribution of the crystallites. It is clear from the micrograph that the average size of the particles is located in range of 10-25 nm. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles is shown in Figure 2. Clear spherical structure can be seen from this figure. Figure 3 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the commercial nano-TiO2. It can be obviously seen that that diffraction peaks appear in the pattern associated with the anatase phase with proper crystalline nature. A very strong anatase peak is observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 25.25 °, assigned to (101) plane. Other anatase peaks are observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 37.7 ° (004), 47.7 ° (200), 53.54 ° (105), and 62.32 ° (204). 3.2. Catalytic activity of nano-titania Figure 4 shows the TGA curve for the thermal decomposition of pure AP. As can be seen in figure 4, the first exothermic peak is appeared in temperature of 327  °C that accompanied by a weight loss of 18 wt.%. This peak can be related to the partial decomposition of AP and the formation of some NH3 and HClO4 via dissociation and sublimation. The second exothermic peak is occurred in temperature of 411  °C. The weight loss in this stage is about 92 wt.% that is corresponding to complete decomposition of transition products to volatile products. Figure 5 presents the TGA curves associated with thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles. From this figure, it is clear that the partial decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is happened in a temperature much lower than 327  °C. Also, complete decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is occurred in temperatures of 370, 360, and 350  °C, respectively that accompanied by decrease of 41, 51, and 61 °C, respectively. It is obvious that addition of nano-sized TiO2 to AP has deep effect on the exothermic decomposition of AP. According to these results, it can be concluded that the catalytic effect of nano-sized TiO2 is observed mainly on high-temperature decomposition process and not on the initial stages of decomposition. 3.3. Mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP Based on the recent studies, two main mechanisms have been suggested for thermal decomposition of AP [11, 16, 17, 21]: First mechanism: electron transfer from perchlorate ion to ammonium ion which is as follows: ClO4+NH3+→ClO40+NH40 NH40→NH3+H ClO40+ClO4=ClO4+ClO40 HClO4+H→H2O+ClO3 Second mechanism: proton transfer from ammonium ion to perchlorate ion which is as follows: NH4ClO4(s) →NH4++ClO4→NH3(s) +HClO4(s) →NH3(g) +HClO4(g) For first mechanism, it is proposed that the rate-determining stage is electron transfer and inasmuch as the p-type semiconductors have positive holes, they can accept the released electron from perchlorate ion. Thus, these catalysts accelerate the electron transfer. eoxide+ClO4→Ooxide+ClO3→1/2O2+ClO3+eoxide in which eoxide is a positive hole in the valence band of the oxide and Ooxide is an abstracted oxygen atom from oxide. It is clear that this mechanism includes two steps: 1) oxidation of ammonia and 2) dissociation of ClO4 species into ClO3 and O2. In first step, metal oxides exhibit high catalytic activity in ammonia oxidation and in second step metal oxides accept the released electron from ammonia oxidation that may promote the dissociation of ClO4 into ClO3 and O2. For second mechanism, steps (I)-(III) have been proposed. In step (I), the ammonium and perchlorate ions are paired. Step (II) is started with proton transfer from NH4+ cation to ClO4 anion and the molecular complex is formed that then is decomposed into NH3 and HClO4 in step (III). The molecules of NH3 and HClO4 react in adsorbed layer on the perchlorate surface or they are desorbed and sublimed that is accompanied by interactions in gas phase. NH4+ClO4 ↔ NH3-H-ClO4 ↔ NH3-HClO4 ↔ NH3(a)+HClO4(a) (I) (II) (III) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ NH3(g)+HClO4(g) At low temperature (2, N2O, Cl2, NO, and H2O are formed. Based on proton transfer, during high-temperature decomposition, the nanoparticles adsorb the reactive molecules on their surface and catalyze the reaction. The existence of more holes in p-type semiconductor catalysts is responsible for the increasing of the AP decomposition. In this study, the mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles can be explained as follows: Titanium has the electronic configuration of [Ar]3d24s2. Experiments have demonstrated that it can form both +3 and +4 oxidation state, so it can lose 3 or 4 electrons to form cations. The +4 state is the most common and stable, because it is able to form an octet. The +3 state is less stable (more reactive) because it leaves a single d electron in the valence orbital. Ti4+ cation in TiO2 structure has s and d-type orbitals with 3d04s0 electronic configuration. These orbitals have not been filled with electrons and provide a useful space for electron transfer in AP thermal decomposition and play the role of a bridge. By accepting transferred electrons resulted from ClO4 degradation, ClO4 degradation is promoted. On the other hand, TiO2 nanoparticles have high specific surface area and large amount of surface active sites that increase adsorption of reactive molecules in gas phase to the surface and promote the redox reactions between them. 4. Conclusions The results of thermogravimetry analysis show that the nanometer titanium dioxide has significant catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The presence of nano-sized titanium dioxide improves significantly the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. With increase of content of nanometer titanium dioxide, the decrease in decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate becomes greater. References [1] Jennifer, LS, Matthew, AS, Sameer, D, Eric, LP, and Sudipta, S: Burn rate sensitization of solid propellants using a nano-titania additive. In: Proceeding of the 20th international colloquium on the dynamics of explosions and reactive systems, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, July 31-August 5 2005. [2] Marie-Isabelle, B: Nano-TiO2 for solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting: scientific and technological challenges for commercialization. The Open Nanoscience Journal, 5, 64-77 (2013). [3] Suresh, S: Synthesis and electrical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles using a wet chemical technique. American Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1(1), 27-30 (2013). [4] Demko, AR, Johnson, M, Allen, TW, Reid, DL, and Seal, S: Comparison of commercially available and synthesized titania nano-additives on the burning rate of composite HTPB/AP propellant samples. Spring technical meeting of the central states section of the combustion institute, April 22-24 2012. [5] MortezaAli, A, and Saeideh, RS: Study of growth parameters on structural properties of TiO2 nanowires. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, 35 (2013). [6] Karimi, L and Zohoori, S: Superior photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solutions using TiO2/SrTiO3 nanocomposite. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 3, 32 (2013). [7] Vijayalakshmi, R and Rajendran, V: Synthesis and characterization of nano-TiO2 via different methods. Archives of Applied Science Research, 4(2), 1183-1190 (2012). [8] Goncalves, RFB, Rocco, AFF and Iha, K: Thermal decomposition kinetics of aged solid propellants based on ammonium perchlorate-AP/HTPB binder. INTECH, doi: 10.5772/52109. [9] Rodic, V: Effect of titanium (IV) oxide on composite solid propellant properties. Scientific Technical Review, 62(3-4), 21-27 (2012). [10] Matthew, AS, Eric, LP, Carro, R, David, LR and Sudipta, S: Multi-parameters study of nanoscale TiO2 and CeO2 additives in composite AP/HTPB solid propellants. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 35(2), 143-152 (2010). [11] Chen, W, Li, F, Liu, L and Li, Y: Synthesis of nano-yttria via a sol-gel process based on hydrated yttrium nitrate and ethylene glycol and its catalytic performance for thermal decomposition of NH4ClO4. Journal of Rare Earths, 24, 543-548 (2006). [12] Zhenye, MA, Fengsheng, L and Aisi, C: Preparation and thermal decomposition behavior of TMOs/AP composite nanoparticles. Nanoscience, 11(2), 142-145 (2006). [13] Yanping, W, Junwu, Z, Xujie, Y, Lude, L and Xin, W: Preparation of NiO nanoparticles and their catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Thermochimica Acta, 437, 106-109 (2005). [14] Hungzhen, D, Xiangyang, L, Guanpeng, L, Lei, X and Fengsheng, L: Synthesis of Ni nanoparticles and their catalytic effect on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Materials processing technology, 208, 494-498 (2008). [15] Guorong, D, Xujie, Y, Jian, C, Guohong, H, Lude, L and Xin, W: The catalytic effect of nanosized MgO On the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Powder Technology, 172, 27-29 (2007). [16] Satyawati, SJ, Prajakta, RP and Krishnamurthy, VN: Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of nanosized ferric oxide. Defence Science Journal, 58(6), 721-727 (2008). [17] Shusen, Z and Dongxu, M: Preparation of CoFe2O4 nanocrystallites by solvothermal process and its catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials, (2010). doi:10.1155/2010/842816. [18] Han, A, Liao, J, Ye, M, Li, Y and Peng, X: Preparation of Nano-MnFe2O4 and its catalytic performance of thermal decomposition of Ammonium perchlorate. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 19, 1047-1051 (2011). [19] Yifu, Z, Xinghai, L, Jiaorong, N, Lei, Y, Yalan, Z and Chi, H: Improve the catalytic activity of ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 particles in decomposition of ammonium perchlorate by coating amorphous carbon on their surface. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 184, 387-390 (2011). [20] Yu, Z, Chen, L, Lu, L, Yang, X and Wang, X: DSC/TG-MS study on in situ catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate over CoC2O4. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 30(1), 19-23 (2009). [21] Alizadeh-Gheshlaghi, E, Shaabani, B, Khodayari, A, Azizian-Kalandaragh, Y and Rahimi, R: Investigation of the catalytic activity of nano-sized CuO, Co3O4 and CuCo2O4 powders on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Powder Technology, 217, 330-339 (2012). [22] Wang, J, He, S, Li, Z, Jing, X, Zhang, M and Jiang, Z: Synthesis of chrysalis-like CuO nano-crystals and their catalytic activity in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J. Chem. Sci., 121, 1077-1081 (2009). [23] Liu, T, Wang, L, Yang, P and Hu, B: Preparation of Nanometer CuFe2O4 by auto-combustion and its catalytic activity on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Materials Letters, 62, 4056-4058 (2008). [24] Duan, H, Lin, X, Liu, G and Xu, L: Synthesis of Co nanoparticles and their catalytic effect on the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16, 325-328 (2008). [25] Pratibha, S, Reena, D, Kapoor, IPS and Singh, G: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic effect of bimetallic nanocrystals on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Indian Journal of Chemistry, 49A, 1339-1344 (2010). [26] Vargeese, A: Effect of anatase-brookite mixed phase titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the high temperature decomposition kinetics of ammonium perchlorate. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 139(2-3), 537-542 (2013). [27] Fujimura, K and Miyake, A: The effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J Therm Anal Calorim, 99, 27-31 (2010). Figure legends Figure 1. Commercial nano-TiO2 used in this study Figure 2. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 3. XRD patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 4. TGA curve related to pure AP Figure 5. TGA curves related to (a) AP1T, (b) AP2T, and (c) AP3T Table 1. Reported data from the literature on the decrease in AP decomposition temperature in the presence of different nano metal and metal oxides. Nanocatalyst Preparation method Amount (wt.%) Decrease in decomposition temperature ( °C) Reference Nano-yttria Sol-gel 5 114.6 [11] CuO/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 95.83 [12] Co2O3/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 137.11 [12] NiO nanoparticles Solid-state reaction 2 93 [13] Ni nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma method 2-5 92-105 [14] Nano-sized MgO Sol-gel 2 75 [15] Nano-sized ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 Electrochemical method 2 59 [16] Nanometer CoFe2O4 Polyol-medium solvothermal 2 112.8 [17] Nano-MnFe2O4 Co-precipitation phase inversion 3 77.3 [18] Nano-MnFe2O4 Low-temperature combustion 3 84.9 [18] Sphere-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 81 [19] pod-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 72 [19] Nanometer CoC2O4 Co-precipitation 2 104 [20] Nano-sized CuO Sol-gel 90.47 [21] Nano-sized Co3O4 Sol-gel 92.07 [21] Nano-sized CuCo2O4 Sol-gel 102.78 [21] CuO nanocrystals Simple chemical deposition 2 85 [22] Nanometer CuFe2O4 Auto-combustion method 2 105 [23] Co nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma 2 145.01 [24] Cu-Co nanocrystal Hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol 1 96 [25] Cu-Fe 1 89 Cu-Zn 1 114 Table 2. Chemical composition of nano-TiO2 Element Mg Nb Al S Si Ca Amount (ppm) Table 3. Physical properties of nano-TiO2 Bulk density (g/cm3) Actual density (g/cm3) Average particle size (nm) Specific surface area (m2/g) Color 0.24 3.90 10 to 25 200 to 240 white 1

Internet :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Recording Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We all listen to music wether we want to or not. Its in our homes, watching TV, driving in our car, going to the store, its unavoidable. Then why is the recording Industry trying to make people feel guilty about burning â€Å"illegal† CDs, when we can go to the mall and hear as much music for free as we want . I for one will never feel guilty because I always support the artist I download, by buying his/her cd’s or going to their concerts. The industry has always been about money instead of music. They are just mad because consumers have finally figured them out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first record created was in eighteen-seventy-seven. The song was Mary Had a Little Lamb. The artist/Inventor was Thomas Edison. Edison had created the worlds first phonograph, capable of playing back up to two to three minutes worth of recordings. His invention started a cultural revolution that went hand in hand with its cousin, the industrial revolution. The idea that sound could be recorded and played back at our pleasure was astonishing. I’ am sure no one had in mind the endless profits one could make. Profit was a word that would be associated with music about thirteen years later, because in eighteen-ninety the jukebox was first introduced at a bar in San Francisco. In it’s first six months of operation the coin operated machine grossed over one- thousand dollars. It did not take a genius to realize that the United State’s was home to thousand’s of bar’s each capable of making equal or greater value. Thus music and mone y became synonymous. Singer’s and songwriter’s were no longer artists, but commodities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Along with money comes greed and in nineteen-hundred when Thomas Lambert invented a way of mass-duplicating his patent of â€Å"indestructible† phonograph cylinder’s, and although the patent was upheld in court, costly lawsuit’s filed by Edison put him out of business just seven years after his invention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Record’s became an instant hit with the American public. People were flocking to bar’s to listen to recorded sound. The library of congress began recording and saving â€Å"Sounds of America† to preserve popular and influential music of the time, everything from bluegrass to classical. It was no surprise that the general public soon yearned for their own way of playing record’s from the comfort and privacy of their home’s. In 1906 a company called victor introduced a enclosed phonograph player that had been designed to look like a piece of furniture.

Critique for the Potentials, Network, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps Towards Participation in Social Movements

Critique for the Potentials, Network, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps towards participation in social movements. The four factors to form social movement are mobilization potentials, forming and activating recruiting networks, raising the motivation to participate and overcome the barriers of participation. Becoming a participant also required four different steps: becoming part of the mobilization potential, becoming target of the mobilization attempts, becoming motivated to participated and overcome the barriers to participate.To define the mobilization potential, the term referred to the people who take a positive attitude to the social movement. Attitudes consist of means and goals toward the movement. With the respect toward means, the term is related to the willingness to become engaged in conventional forms of political behavior, the protest potential in abbreviation. With the respect toward the goals, the concept is related to manifest political potential which means a group of people with a common identity and sharing the common goals. People who are not involved in the mobilization potential won’t consider participating in the movement activities.To explain the recruitment network and the mobilization attempts. Despite the mobilizing consensus and the mobilization potential, if these factors can’t be linked to the recruitment network, the mobilization won’t be realized. The networks identifies whether the people became the target of mobilization attempts. People can be target by the mobilization attempts by media, mail, relationships with organizations and friends. Different routes get a different influence on people. The significance of friendships reaching potential participants has been emphasized in many researches.The third factor is the motivation to participate. The motivation is defined as the function of the perceived costs and the benefits of participation. Two different kinds of incentives are identified as the collect ive incentives and the selective incentives. With the respect to the collective incentives, a multiplicative relationship is assumed between the value of the collective goods and the expectancy of the success. With the respect of the collective incentives, the soft or social incentives are important in determining the willingness to participate while the effect of the hard or nonsocial incentives is ambiguous.Such incentives appeared different effects in different environment. Since the movements must communicate to the potential participants to which extent the incentives are controlled by the movement, the mobilization of consensus is also a key part of this stage. The fourth factor is the barriers to participation. Motivation and barriers interact to active participation. The more people are motivated, the higher barrier they can overcome. Maintaining or increasing motivation or removing barriers are the two strategies for the movement.The paper gave the data on all the four step s of the mobilization campaign for the peace demonstration in The Hague in 1983 which is the largest demonstration the Netherlands had ever experienced. The authors conducted surveys before and after the demonstration in sake to analyze the participation behavior. In the survey, the mobilization potential, mobilization target, motivations, participation, attitudes, incentives, participation barriers, leftism of party vote and demographics of the participant have been measured. In each of the process toward the final demonstration considerable amount of people drop out.Not being the target of the mobilization attempts, unable to overcome the barriers, could not arouse the motivation to participate lead to the drop out situation. The author analyzes those factors carefully in the paper to explain the result. The first step is the mobilization potential. Authors compared the age, gender, education, vote behavior, and attitudinal factors to analyze the people whether belong to the mobil ization or not. With the respect to the demographics, olds and people who votes for the right party tend not belong to the mobilization potential.People from the mobilization potential were more concern about and fight against about the missile deployment and sign a petition to against the deployment. The two groups show no difference on the possibility to control the arms race no matter in which way this would be achieved. The political preference is also a factor influence the motivation potential. People who stay outside the mobilization potential of movement against the missile were mostly from the right wing. The entire left wing of the Dutch society was the part of the motivation potential.The author also found that the people who did not belong to the motivation potential got higher education level which is contradict to previous study. In conclusion, the mobilization potential of the movement covered a wide range of social categories rather than restricted to categories thou ght to be typical of the mobilization potentials of new social movements like new middle class, well-educated professionals and youth. The second step is to become the target of the mobilization attempts. Whether a person has formal or informal links with local peace movement is used to test whether person have been the target of mobilization attempt.Most of the mobilization potentials were reached by mobilization attempts by formal networks like visit peace stand, reading newspapers or reached by organizations. Individual with several or even many acquaintances who tend to go to the demonstration are defined as have an informal recruitment network to the movement. Only 30% of the respondent got several informal links. The ratio of the mobilization potential has no link, formal link or informal link with the peace movement networks are quite the same at around 20%. 40% of the people got both kinds of link to the movement.This indicates that people who belonged to the mobilization po tential had been as frequently targets of mobilization attempts as people outside the mobilization potential. People outside the potential have more formal links than the people within the potential. But with fewer informal links doesn’t prevent the government organization to approach these people. Gender factors have no independent effect on the links to government networks. Highly educated people appeared to create new mobilization potentials because they connected to the social network engaged in recruitment more.Informal networks are far more important than the formal ones in arousal of the motivation to participate. The third step is the motivation to participate. The motivation depends on the specific blend of costs and benefits perceived. With the respect of the collective incentives, in this demonstration, none of the respondent was optimistic about the outcome. In this protection, the potential participants estimated the number of participants more than the nonpartic ipant did, this is contradict to the finding that people tend to participate more if they expect others will do so as well.But in certain conditions, people tend to participate less when they believe other people will. With the respect of the selective cost and benefit, knowing more people will increase the tendency one goes to the demonstration. The nonsocial cost of the demonstration is low. In the regression analysis, the result shows that the collective incentives were more important than the selective incentives in determining the motivation to participate. Due to the small sample size, the stage of overcome the barriers to participate cannot be explain.Previous papers have explained the nonparticipation in many points of views. Free rider problem has been used to explain the nonparticipation phenomena. In some past research, free rider theory has been used to explain the non-participation. In this research, the author explains the non-participation by the four steps towards th e participation. This paper also reveals that the attitudes toward to goal were important determinant of willingness to participate.The network and ideological incentives are another important factor affect peoples’ participation decision. In this paper, the author gives four stages to explain why people would like to participate in social movement or not. The issue the author does not mention a lot is the institutional factors. How the institution can courage people to participate the movement and how they can control the movement can be studied. The problem in the paper is the sample size may be a little too small. This may cause some statistical problem during the research.

Against Euthanasia

1. 20. 13 I AM AGAINST EUTHANASIA voluntary: when a person is asked to be killed because the pain could not be handled any longer non-voluntary: when a person is killed by the decision of another person because the patient is incapable to do it himself/ herself. Euthanasia  is: 1. â€Å"A quiet, painless death. †Ã‚  or 2. â€Å"The intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended as an act of mercy. † BIBLICAL POINTS: -Euthanasia is considered MURDER One of the Ten Commandments is â€Å"Thou shall not kill† and life is a gift from God that should not be destroyed – God has given us life to live, and SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN AWAY on purpose – God is in everyone and every living thing. If you harm a living thing, YOU ARE HARMING GOD. – Paul stated (1 Corinthians 6:19) that our bodies are temples of our Lord. In VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA, we should not destroy ourselves because our life contains God’s Holy Sp irit – WHEN JOB WAS GOING THROUGH SUFFERING, he still refused to TAKE HIS OWN LIFE. He argues that we must accept the suffering as we accept happiness and joy.SUFFERING IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SPIRITUAL GROWTH. – No man dies unless God allows it (Job 2:6) Therefore, according to the Bible, a person SHOULD NOT be killed because of a certain condition they have. Although they WILL DIE, euthanasia should not take place. IT IS MURDER. Yes, God has planned that they will be terminally ill, and he knows when they will die. But only HE has the right to take their life, not doctors. OTHER POINTS: -the power to play with people’s lives should not be handed out under a legal and /or medical disguise. – it promotes abuse and gives doctors the right to urder. – doctors are people who we trust and cure us, but euthanasia gives them the opportunity to PLAY GOD -It’s not only Christians who are against euthanasia, but other religions too. (Musilim, Jews, Hin du, Buddhist) -UNBEARBLE PAIN- pain cannot be all eliminated, but killing is not the answer! The solution is to command better education of health care professionals, expand health care, and inform patients about their rights to be alive. – Euthanasia is not about the right to die. It’s about the right to kill. OTHER RELIGIONS AGAINST EUTHANASIA: Roman Catholic Church: direct euthanasia consists in putting an end to the lives of handicapped sick or dying persons. IT IS MORALLY UNACCEPTABLE. Muslim: -All life is a gift Allah, so it is sacred and Muslim have a duty to respect it and submut to his will -Only ALLAH can choose when a life will end -The reason for any suffering will be known to Allah, there must be a reason for pain Jews: – Anything which shortens life is forbidden, only God could decided when a person’s life should end Hindu: -Euthanasia goes against the belief of Ahimsa (non-violence) Buddhist: -voluntary euthanasia is wrong, it shows that th e person’s mind is in a bad state.