Business Plan on Yogurt - 2075 Words

1) Executive Summary 1.1 Overview and summary of Business Plan Mama Mia is a goat milk yogurt dessert bar described as a self-served dessert bar where by customers will be able to enjoy choosing their own yogurt flavor with different types of fruits and topping. The aim of this business is to incorporate limited unique flavours (e.g: Pumpkin, Eggnog, RootBeer, Key Lime Pie, Bread Pudding Yogurt. etc.) The Mama Mia menu sets us apart from other dessert bar, giving us a competitive edge. We carry the highest quality fresh goat milk yogurt. The yogurt provided by â€Å"Mama Mia Goat Milk Yogurt† are different from the common yogurt found in the market. They are 100% made from fresh goat milk produced daily with no any other†¦show more content†¦Thus, this Goat’s Milk yogurt will benefits the women and they do not need to pay for a high price either. 2. Company Analysis 2.1 Mission of Goat Milk Yogurt Our main goal is to be one of the most successful Goat milk yogurt outlets in Singapore. We want our customers to have the total experience when visiting our outlet as they are will aware about this fascinating new product. Our main focus will be serving high-quality yogurt at a great value. 2.2 Features, Functionality and benefits [pic] There will be 4 partners to start with this business. Each partner will take a different role in the business. This will be the organization process of Mama Mia Goat Milk Yogurt. (see below Figure 2.2 A). [pic] Figure 2.2 A . 2.3 Creating Market Presence for Goat Milk Yogurt The most effective and directly influence of market presence is to advertisement through social networking platform such as facebook and blog shop to create product awareness. Printings of flyers and distribute them in the neighborhood is a good source of creating market presence as it is another tool of promoting the product involving low capital cost. 2.4 Production cost of Goat milk yogurt The production cost will be involved as follows:- Fixed Input One timeShow MoreRelatedThe Yogurt Bar Business: An Executive Summary808 Words   |  3 Pagesretaining their sweet tooth. For this reason, frozen-yogurt businesses provide an ample opportunity to succeed. Yogurt has fewer calories than ice cream, and can be made into fruit smoothies and other healthy beverages. Because of the tremendous marketing push from companies to make their products healthier, the frozen-yogurt business should focus on the benefits of healthy eating while still being able to enjoy tasty snacks. The Yogurt Bar business is designed to help people make healthy choices whileRead MoreColombo Soft Yogurt958 Words   |  4 PagesColombo Soft-serve Frozen Yogurt 1) Colombo Yogurt Company faces competition in two different channels, namely the independent yogurt shops and impulse shops that sell other products besides yogurt. During the early 90s, Colombo’s competitive environment consists mainly of franchise operations like TCBY and Freshens. The size of these franchise companies that account for most of the independent yogurt stores pose a serious competition to Colombo and by the early 90s, the yogurt stores have added distinctiveRead MoreThe Total Global Retail Value For Yogurt1026 Words   |  5 PagesBackground The total global retail value for Yogurt has reached $78 billion and it is growing as there is strong consumer demand for dairy products that help promote a healthy lifestyle (Johnson, 2017). The U.S yogurt market is also competitive where â€Å"the U.S. consumption of yogurt per person grew 645 percent from 1980 through 2013, as tracked by the U.S. Department of Agriculture† (Schafer, 2017). According to Statista, yogurt sales in the U.S has increased to $7.7 billion in 2015, which previouslyRead MoreCase Study : Interactive Campaign Plan Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesYaourt: Interactive Campaign Plan The Client Opening your own business is a huge risk. Owner Kim Nguyen launch her dream business, Yaourt, in 2012. Ever since she was a child in Vietnam, Nguyen dreamed of opening an ice cream shop. The opportunity to make her dream a reality presented itself shortly after she completed her MBA at the Ohio State University when a frozen yogurt store owned closed close to her home. Nguyen, who also hold a bachelor’s and master’s degree in chemical engineering, tookRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Yogen Fruz1305 Words   |  6 Pages12 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14  Executive Summary Yogen Fruz is a frozen yogurt company attempting to expand its number of stores within China. The brand is built around the idea of using high quality healthy ingredients in their products while creating a unique environment that customers will enjoy and want to return to. While most frozen yogurt competitors are just entering the Chinese market, Yogen Fruz is already established with locations in two of theRead More business plan Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesof this business plan is to support a request for a 75,000 five-year bank loan to purchase equipment and inventory as part of the financing for a start-up sole proprietorship, Fast ‘n Fresh Premiun Ice Cream Parlor. The business will be owned by Daniel W. Beese and will be located in leased space at 858 Success Ave in the new Riverside Faire shopping center, Jacksonville, FL 32211. The owner will provide a minimum of 75,00 in initial equity. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The business will serveRead MoreBusiness Plan1207 Words   |  5 PagesThe purpose of this business plan is to support a request for a 75,000 five-year bank loan to purchase equipment and inventory as part of the financing for a start-up sole proprietorship, Fast ‘n Fresh Premiun Ice Cream Parlor. The business will be owned by Daniel W. Beese and will be located in leased space at 858 Success Ave in the new Riverside Faire shopping center, Jacksonville, FL 32211. The owner will provide a minimum of 75,00 in initial equity. The business will serve healthy andRead MoreChobani : Case Study : Chobani Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pageswhen he came to the states from Turkey (Chobani History 2016). Chobani is a company known for having the best Greek yogurt in the United States. Chobani prides themselves on having a high quality yogurt that is incomparable with any other brand of yogurt out on the market. This dedication the quality is what sets Chobani above everybody else is directly causing their positive business growth. By the end of 2015 Chobani’s revenue was at â€Å"$1.5 billion where their competitors were at $250 million† (GiammonaRead MoreMarketing Strategy : The Ing Zone 871 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Description: â€Å"The Fro-Zone† will be an Ice Cream store based in Centennial at the Southglenn Mall. Combining the boon of local product, such as milk and fruit, with the use of liquid nitrogen in the ice cream creation, our product will be fresh, but also something that does not currently exist in the Colorado area. The Fro-Zone will be a tasty treat for a hot day, and beneficial for local agriculture. The innovation of the liquid nitrogen cooling system will provide high-quality productRead MoreNatureview Farm Case1181 Words   |  5 PagesFarm is a small yogurt manufacturer with annual revenues of $13 million. It produces three different size cups – 8 oz. cup, 32 oz. and 4 oz. cup multipack. However, Natureview’s goal is to increase its annual revenue to $20 million in two years. With a solid relationship with its current, successful strategy in the natural foods channel it is considering expanding into the supermarket channel. Conversely, it does not want to hurt th e company brand it has created as a premium yogurt brand in the natural

Command vs Market Economy Free Essays

Command Economic System: When we talk about the term â€Å"command† in historical context; whether it relates to economic, political or warfare, command has always been vested in the hands of the few. If we relate â€Å"these few† to a group of people who exercise power in terms of making decisions (be it economic/social/political etc) for ALL the people they govern, we call this process or system a â€Å"Government†. In a command economic system, this government basically owns and controls most of the economic resources of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Command vs Market Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now This â€Å"Command† economic system is also known as â€Å"socialism† or â€Å"communism† (McConnell – Economics) In any economic system decisions have to be made regarding production of goods and services, price setting, education, expenditure on infrastructure, resource allocation, resource/property ownership, resource distribution, establishment of industries and businesses, salaries for individuals etc. In a Command Economic System, all these decisions are taken by the Centre/Government. Public in general/ individuals in general do not have any â€Å"say† in such government decisions. Practically speaking, â€Å"Absolute† command economy doesn’t exist in this world, even near perfect â€Å"command economy† of Soviet Union/Russia had private/market influences in its system. McConnell states North Korea and Cuba as near to perfect Command Economic Systems. Pakistan too took a step towards socialism/nationalization in Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s era in 1970s, which later had to be discontinued in wake of emerging capitalist economic forces at that time. Market Economic System As opposed to Command Economic System, Market Economic System is characterized by near to minimal role of Government in governing and directing economic activity of the country. In other words, it is simply the opposite of a command economic system discussed above. The salient features of a market economic system includes â€Å"Private† ownership of economic resources (i. e. , land, labor, capital and entrepreneur), coordination of economic activity through markets, production and distribution decisions aken by private businesses and firms, determination of market prices and quantity through forces of demand and supply (rather than government) etc. The concept of market is fundamental in understanding the captioned subject. Market is a place where buyers and sellers of products come together and through their buying and selling behaviour, price and output for the economy is determined. The sellers seek to maximise their objectives (primarily profit) thro ugh engaging in practices that may compromise societal benefits at large (self interest). To keep profitable, businesses innovate/invest in RD to achieve economies of scale to minimise cost and this lust for market power often leads to competition/inter rivalry amongst firms which leads to production of goods and services at less than socially optimum level. Though practically speaking a perfect market economy can’t exist (government intervention is required in certain areas) Hong Kong, United States and Ireland (ref McConnell) are nearest examples of free market economies in today’s world, where Government’s intervention is minimal. How to cite Command vs Market Economy, Essay examples

Handel and Bach Comparisons free essay sample

When thinking of composers, whose works changed the world of music forever, many names may come to mind. Among those on that list, both Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel are figures whose effect on music has been felt worldwide. Born In the same year, these composers have much In common and many differences that Illustrate their Importance to their era and music as we see It today.Their individualism and creativity influenced much of their time and together, their arks defined the Baroque Period as we know it today. Johann Sebastian Bach, born in the year 1685, was a German born composer, virtuoso organist and keyboard player, a violinist, and a violist. His career includes over 1100 known compositions Including 224 Cantatas, 7 motets, 24 large scale works including passions, 274 chorales, 223 organ works, and numerous cannons, fugues, chamber music, and lute pieces. Most famous for being an organist, Bach used many German styles.Perhaps one of his most famous works, Bachs Well-Tempered Clavier, is a collection of solo keyboard music that he composed. We will write a custom essay sample on Handel and Bach Comparisons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This collection, also known as the Well-Tempered Keyboard, consists of 48 preludes and fugues in all of the major and minor keys. Compiled over a span of many years, these works are compiled In two books, one compiled in Gotten, the other In Leipzig. Each book contains twenty four pairs of preludes and fugues. And, being paired In each of the twelve major and minor keys, they are arranged in rising chromatic order from C to B.This is considered by many to be Bachs greatest keyboard piece and influenced the course of history, having been studied closely by Haydn and Mozart. Upon his death n 1750, Bach had become widely known, and his influence on music grew with the years of his passing and his works are still Influencing the world of music today. George Frederic Handel, however, served Just an Important role In his era. Born In 1 685, the same year as Bach, Handel was a German composer, famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos.His career includes 42 operas, 29 oratorios, 16 organ concerti, over 120 cantatas, trios and duets, chamber music, odes, and many ecumenical pieces, his most famous work being the Oratorio Messiah. Composed in 1741, the oratorio was preformed first in Dublin in 1742. It had a scriptural text from the King James Bible and was written for modest vocal and Instrumental forces. The work, although very much In the style of Handel, Is a series of thoughts on the Christian idea of redemption and utilizes a mixture of traditions.After Handels death in 1759, the Oratorio began to gain popularity even further and was adapted to larger scale choirs and orchestras. Handel has very much influenced the world of music, especially through his operas, and has grown in popularity throughout the years. As the inventor of English Oratorios and being so well known for his Italian operas his Tyler and Influence Is felt around the world even still In the music of today. Born in the same year, both excelled at organ and studied the music of German and Italian composers.Being masters at counterpoint, both exhibited similarities in their skills and styles. Aside from Bachs absence from opera, both composers had remarkable influence on nearly every contemporary genre. They both made huge impressions on keyboard pieces, being exceptionally skilled at organ. They both dedicated their lives to music and could, as well, play the violin. These composers both made great headway in the music of their era and helped to define the music of hat time period. Both were blind later in their lives and pursued their career further.Traveling and having studied in much of the same areas, their influences have been felt world round and even today, both composers contributions to music can be seen in modern day music. Although similar and different in many ways, all can agree that both Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel, had significant influences on the arouse period and modern day music. Their influence on music history can be Identified in the works of many famous composers who studied their works, including Mozart, Haydn, and even Beethoven.

The Father of Revolution Essay Essay Example

The Father of Revolution Essay Essay I belong to the opposing group. who opposes Jose Rizal as the national hero. and affirms Andres Bonifacio. who genuinely owns the throne to the alleged rubric of â€Å"National Hero† which presently belongs to Jose Rizal. First of all. allow me acquire some facts straight. His complete name is Andres Castro Bonifacio. and he was born on November 30. 1863 in Tondo. Manila and died on May 10. 1897 at a really immature age of 33 in Maragondon. Cavite. Like Abraham Lincoln. his formal instruction was really limited because of his parents’ decease when he was merely 14. He was an devouring reader excessively similar Lincoln and has read legion books like the Gallic Revolution. Biographies of US Presidents and many others. As the firstborn. he had to drop out from school in order to back up his siblings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Father of Revolution Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Father of Revolution Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Father of Revolution Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bonifacio was able to see working several uneven occupations such as courier. salesman and. warehouser. He was besides a man of affairs merchandising fans and canes. He founded the radical motion known as KKK and was its supreme leader which sought for independency from the Spaniards. Not known to many Filipinos. some historiographers regarded him as the â€Å"first president of the Philippines. Andres Bonifacio and Greogoria De Jesus were married at the historic Binondo Church in 1893. His married woman. more popularly known as Aling Oriang. was the laminitis and the vice-president of the women’s chapter of KKK. As a member of the Katipunan. Gregoria was designated the codification name â€Å"Lakambini† which is the equivalent of â€Å"goddess† or â€Å"muse† in Tagalog idiom. Andres and Gregoria had a boy named Andres but died of variola. Bonifacio was executed in 1897 and after more than a twelvemonth his married woman Gregoria met Julio Nakpil. a commanding officer of the Katipunan military personnels in northern Philippines. They got married in December 1898 and had 5 kids. The primary aim of the constitution of KKK is to accomplish independency from Spain through a revolution. On July 7. 1892. the twenty-four hours after Rizal’s exile to Dapitan. Andres Bonifacio founded the KKK – Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ( Highest and Most Respected Children of the Society of the Country ) As a Katipunero. a member of the secret society called KKK. Bonicafio used the anonym â€Å"May Pag-asa† ( There’s hope ) . The first â€Å"Supremo† of the Katipunan. short of KKK. was Deodato Arellano. Bonicacio’s brother-in-law. The 2nd KKK â€Å"Supremo† was Roman Basa. Although Bonifacio was the laminitis. he merely took over as â€Å"Supremo† in 1895 and anterior to keeping the highest place he was the organization’s accountant and so its fiscal. Bonifacio wrote the poem â€Å"Pag-ibig SA Lupang Tinubuan† ( Love of Homeland ) under the anonym Agapito Bagumbayan. With less than 300 KKK members in January 1896. ranks of the Katipunan soared high to more than 40. 000 by August 1896 due to the publication of â€Å"Kalayaan† and rank spread out throughout Luzviminda.

A Brief History of the Chinese Yuan Currency

A Brief History of the Chinese Yuan Currency Literally translated as the peoples currency the renminbi (RMB) has been the currency of China for over 50 years. It is also known as the Chinese yuan (CNY) and by the symbol  ¥. For many years, the renminbi was pegged to the U.S. dollar. In 2005, it was officially unpegged and as of February 2017, had an exchange rate of 6.8 RMB to $1 U.S. dollar. The Renminbis Beginnings The renminbi was first issued on December 1, 1948, by the Chinese Communist Partys Peoples Bank of China. At that time, the CCP was deep into the civil war with the Chinese Nationalist Party, which had its own currency, and the first issuance of the renminbi was used to stabilize Communist-held areas which assisted in a CCP victory. After the defeat of the Nationalists in 1949, Chinas new government addressed the extreme inflation that plagued the old regime by streamlining its financial system and centralizing foreign exchange management. The Currencys Second Issue In 1955, the Peoples Bank of China, now Chinas central bank, issued its second series of the renminbi that replaced the first at a rate of one new RMB to 10,000 old RMB, which has remained unchanged since. A third series of RMB was issued in 1962 which used multi-color printing technology and used hand-engraved printing plates for the first time. In this period, the RMBs exchange value was unrealistically set with many western currencies which created a large underground market for foreign exchange transactions. With Chinas economic reforms in the 1980s, the RMB was devalued and became more easily traded, creating a more realistic exchange rate. In 1987, a fourth series of RMB was issued featuring a watermark, magnetic ink, and fluorescent ink. In 1999, a fifth series of RMB was issued, featuring Mao Zedong on all notes. Unpegging the Renminbi From 1997 to 2005, the Chinese government pegged the RMB to the United States currency at about 8.3 RMB per dollar, despite criticisms from the United States. On July 21, 2005, the Peoples Bank of China announced that it would lift the peg to the dollar and phase in a flexible mechanism of exchange rates. Following the announcement, the RMB was reevaluated to 8.1 RMB per dollar.

History of the Wailing or Western Wall

History of the Wailing or Western Wall The Wailing Wall, also referred to as the Kotel, the Western Wall or Solomons Wall, and whose lower sections date to about the second century B.C.E., is located in the Old Quarter of East Jerusalem in Israel. Built of thick, corroded limestone, it is about 60 feet (20 meters) high and close to 160 feet (50 meters) long, though most of it is engulfed in other structures.   A Sacred Jewish Site The wall is believed by devout Jews to be the Western Wall of the Second Temple of Jerusalem (destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E.), the only surviving structure of the Herodian Temple. The temples original location is in dispute, leading some Arabs to dispute the claim that the wall belongs to the temple, arguing instead that it is part of the structure of Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount. The structures description as the Wailing Wall derives from its Arabic identification as el-Mabka, or place of weeping, frequently repeated by European - and particularly French - travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th century as le mur des lamentations.  Jewish devotions believe that the divine presence never departs from the Western Wall. The Wailing Wall is one of the great Arab-Israeli struggles. Jews and Arabs dispute who is in control of the wall and who has access to it, and many Muslims maintain that the Wailing Wall has no relation to ancient Judaism at all. Sectarian and ideological claims aside, the Wailing Wall remains a sacred place for Jews and others who often pray - or perhaps  wail - and sometimes slip prayers written on paper through the walls welcoming fissures. In July 2009, Alon Nil launched a free service allowing people around the world to Twitter their prayers, which are then taken in printed form to the Wailing Wall. Israels Annexation of the Wall After the war of 1948 and the Arab capture of the Jewish Quarter in Jerusalem, Jews were generally banned from praying at the Wailing Wall, which was at times defaced by political posters. Israel annexed Arab East Jerusalem immediately after the 1967 Six Day War and claimed ownership of the citys religious sites. Incensed - and fearing that the tunnel the Israelis began digging, starting from the Wailing Wall and under the Temple Mount, shortly after the war was over was designed to undermine the foundations of Al-Aqsa Mosque, Islams third holiest site after the mosques in Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia - Palestinians and other Muslims rioted, triggering a clash with Israeli forces that left five Arabs dead and hundreds wounded. In January 2016, the Israeli government  approved the first space where non-Orthodox Jews of both sexes can pray side by side, and the first Reform prayer service of both men and women took place in February 2016 in a section of the wall known as Robinsons Arch.

Comparison Between Holistic And Subject Based Approaches to Curriculum Essay

Comparison Between Holistic And Subject Based Approaches to Curriculum Organization - Essay Example Influential individuals Gur (2006) explain and outline the key factors that affect change in curriculum structure and composition. The first factor that initiates change is a strong and charismatic leadership system that is accepted by the academic staff members. The Main feature of such leadership is to have the necessary capacity that attracts other academic staff to agree and; rally behind the principled educational objectives supported within the environment or institution. A good and appropriate curriculum will ensure a good output especially for a class with an average or reasonable number of students (Gur, 2006, p41). This is because with a smaller class, teacher-student personal relationship is always possible. There is always an anxiety by students to produce constant excellent results because an alteration in the syllabus or curriculum. The relationship eases the performance anxieties experienced by such students and temptation to submit work that is not theirs to the tutor s. However, it should be noted that individual influence on the curriculum change has its own side effects. 2. The need to improve staff training Research has proven the emergence of curricula related challenges in most institutions, especially at the nursery and primary levels of studies. Change in curriculum always comes with the need for better-trained staff members. It requires new teaching skills aimed at meeting the objectives and goals set by the new curriculum system. This may prove to be a significant challenge to most institutions implementing their own curriculum, as they will be required to come up with an impromptu notice for hiring new teachers or training the existing staff. Therefore, the curriculum change is viewed as one of the main and... This essay stresses that several changes are always proposed because of their undisputable goodness. One would find it hard or rather stupid and awkward to argue. For instance, it would be strange to hear an individual arguing that the introduction of laboratory classes for science-related subjects was a wrong idea. Similarly, it is imagined that most leaders would accept that changes in curriculum are indispensable for the students going to various fields of study. Curricula changes and implementation would therefore ease. This paper makes a conclusion that curriculum in any organization plays a significant role in the teaching-learning process in all the educational institutions. The instructional materials, nature of the training the teachers underwent, development of teaching materials, assessment of learners, designing for guides for both the learners and instructors, and setting the principles, are all anchored on the curriculum which is a vital educational document. Thus the role of curriculum in any organization plays a vital role and absence of the document in any educational organization means that the institution cannot function as expected. Curriculum is an educational document, which guides and used for ordering the teaching-learning understandings, which the learners encounter in the educational organization. Curriculum organization involves provision of curriculum and maintaining it to run uninterrupted.

Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Journal Entry - Essay Example This essay discusses that the patients had to be given a bath and medications at the appropriate time. In addition, patients needed someone they could talk to about their fears and families. Nurses should endeavor to provide high-quality care for their patients.  This essay discusses that the patients had to be given a bath and medications at the appropriate time. In addition, patients needed someone they could talk to about their fears and families. Nurses should endeavor to provide high-quality care for their patients.   As a person, I have always demonstrated a lot of patience and understanding. One of the reasons for joining the nursing profession was as a result of the empathy that I feel towards people who are suffering. This enabled me to understand that the demanding nature of the patient was as a result of the fears that he had. For example, it was evident that he feared being separated from his family. I was able to empathize with him because I have seen people close to me behave in a stubborn manner an attempt to mask their fears.   An encounter with a teenage girl who was about to deliver a baby helped to change my worldview about the use of contraceptives and abortion among teenagers. I have always believed that teenagers should not have access to contraceptives because it encourages them to engage in sex when they are not prepared to handle the consequences. Moreover, I used to have conservative views about abortion. However, the patient revealed that had it not been for the support of her family, then she would have been forced to terminate the pregnancy because she realized that a baby would significantly affect her ability to realize her dreams. In addition, she regretted not having been educated about the use of contraceptives.                    Ã‚  

Theoretical Models Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Models Essay Theoretical Models Colleen M. OLeary HCS/587 March 18, 2013 Theoretical Models The benefits of a motivated staff should prove an impetus to managers to use motivation as a driving force to obtain a high degree of functioning by employees. According to Musselwhite (2011) â€Å"managers who are effective at motivating their direct reports reap the reward of employees who can handle a variety of assignments, work more autonomously, report higher levels of job satisfaction, and contribute more to the success of the department, the organization, and in return, to the success of their manager† (p. 46). This in turn may motivate the manager to work harder and look at ways to improve and increase departmental functioning in the future. In health care managers have diverse staff to motivate. Employees may be of varied ages, experience, educational levels, and job descriptions. Staff ranges from minimally educated secretarial staff to professionals such as licensed professional nurses, physicians, and physician extenders (Borkowski, 2005). The manager who takes the time to get to know the employees he or she is responsible for will know the individual positive or negative attributes of each employee. This will assist in determining how best to motivate everyone for the good of the department. Many motivational theories exist but only equity and goal-setting theories will be discussed here. Equity Theory Theory Description Equity theory basis relies on the comparison of inputs to outcomes. In the work setting an employee’s education, skill set, and anything else he or she brings to the job position provides the input. The salary, promotion, bonus or anything else attributed to the inputs provides the employee’s outcomes. Equity exists when the ration of inputs to outcomes of one employee equates to those of another employee (Borkowski, 2005). Equity Theory in the Workplace In the work setting equity theory exists as the comparison of inputs to  outcomes of employees. According to Sweeney (1990) â€Å"Inequity can result from getting fewer outcomes or more outcomes than relevant others† (p. 329). Equity gives employees the sense of fairness in the workplace. A perceived inequity may result in decreased productivity and a sense of dissatisfaction in the workplace. An equitable workplace shows increased productivity, decreased absenteeism, and less staff turnover. Equity theory in the workplace shows greatly in matters of wages (Sweeney, 1990). Goal-Setting Theory Theory Description Goal-setting theory developed in the 1960s and 1970s by Gary Latham and Edwin Locke promotes the notion that if a manager provides an employee with specific, challenging goals the worker tended to outperform a worker assigned a vague, non-specific goal such as â€Å"do the best you can.† This theory relies on the manager’s awareness of the skill level and abilities of all employees (Borkowski, 2005). Goal-Setting Theory in the Workplace The concept of the goal-setting theory necessitates planning in advance by management after a thorough thought process of the goal needing to be met and the resources, including employees, available to assist in the goal achievement. The three steps required by the goal-setting theory, goal setting, goal commitment, and support elements, need careful consideration by the manager (Borkowski, 2005). Goals need the characteristics of specificity and measurability. As employees perform the different levels of self-confidence, the goals set by management must show attainability by the employee in accordance with the ability to attain the specific goal. Employees unable to attain a goal may develop a feeling of frustration leading to distrust of management (Borkowski, 2005). Commitment to the goal requires acceptance of the objective by the employee. The employee needs to identify his or her ability to achieve the goal and realize the benefit in attaining the objective. Providing support elements necessitates management ensuring the availability of adequate resources such  as equipment, staff, and assistance to the employee. Goal-setting shows the most success with adequate and frequent employee feedback by management (Locke Latham, 1990). Conclusion When managers work to create a culture of motivation the resulting workplace tends to be more productive, workers tend to feel more valued, and the organization and the staff benefit. Motivation theories provide management with guidelines to follow in an attempt to have staff reach full potential and have the department operate at its most productive. Employees need frequent feedback from management no matter which theory so they may receive direction and feel valued by the organization. Motivation theories, of which equity theory and goal-setting theory are just two, assist management in realizing and using the full potential of staff. Reference Borkowski, N. (2005). Organizational behavior in health care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 15(5), 265-268. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00449.x Musselwhite, C. (2011). Creating a culture of motivation. T+D, 65(9), 46-49. Sweeney, P. D. (1990). Distributive justice and pay satisfaction: A field test of an equity theory prediction. Journal of Business Psychology, 4(3), 329-341.

My favorate stock :: essays research papers

Stock name: ADVANCED NEUROMODULATION SYSTEMS INC. Stock symbol: AISI.O SECTOR: Healthcare INDUSTRY: Medical Equipment & Supplies Overview Advanced Neuromodulation Systems, Inc. (ANSI), designs, develops, manufactures and markets advanced implantable neuromodulation devices that improve the quality of life for people suffering from chronic pain. Neuromodulation devices include implantable neurostimulation devices, which deliver electric current directly to targeted nerves, and implantable drug pumps, which deliver small, precisely controlled doses of drugs directly to targeted sites within the body. GROWTH RATES   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 Year  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Years  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 Years Sales %  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32.57  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47.12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27.54 EPS %  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  33.80  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  103.45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.06 Dividend %  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NM  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NM  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NM REVENUE Quarters  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2003  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004 MAR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8,341  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11,473  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19,671  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  26,633 JUN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9,205  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13,423  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22,324  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30,488 SEP  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9,900  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14,328  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23,419  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  31,330 DEC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10,470  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18,148  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25,668  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32,293 Totals  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  37,916  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  57,372  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  91,082  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  120,744 Note: Units in Thousands of U.S. Dollars EARNINGS PER SHARE Quarters  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2001  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2003  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004 MAR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.000  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.053  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.133  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.190 JUN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.027  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.090  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.140  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.210 SEP  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.033  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.100  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.190  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.230 DEC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.047  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.127  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.180  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.240 Totals  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.107  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.370  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.643  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.870 Note: Units in U.S. Dollars Quick Financial Synopsis Advanced Neuromodulation Systems designs, develops, manufactures and markets implantable neuromodulation for chronic back pain or nervous system disorders. For the FY ended 12/31/04, revenues rose 33% to $120.7M. Net income rose 37% to $18.2M. Revenues reflect increased unit sales from Neuro Products and O.E.M. business segments. Net income also reflects increased operating margin as well as increased investment income. Actual revenue and EPS for the latest fiscal year Actual revenue: $US 120.7 millions Recent share price and date $US 27.23 March 29, 2005 Month of the company ¡Ã‚ ¯s fiscal year end December Indicate annual dividend per share 0.00 Valuation Valuation Ratios RATIO COMPARISON Valuation Ratios  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sector  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S&P 500 P/E Ratio (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32.54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  33.55  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28.97  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  21.43 P/E High - Last 5 Yrs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NM  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  60.54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  50.30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42.31 P/E Low - Last 5 Yrs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22.65  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.75 Price to Sales (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.89  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.94  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.21  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.87 Price to Book (MRQ)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.55  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.53  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.92 Price to Tangible Book (MRQ)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.94  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.83  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.15 Price to Cash Flow (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23.55  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.93  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  21.91  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14.76 Price to Free Cash Flow (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  367.76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32.72  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30.18  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25.30 % Owned Institutions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  95.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28.56  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  47.26  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  65.58   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dividends Dividends  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sector  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S&P 500 Dividend Yield  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.79  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.17  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.12 Dividend Yield - 5 Year Avg.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.04  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.58 Dividend 5 Year Growth Rate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NM  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.06 Payout Ratio (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  29.38  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  29.26   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Growth Rates Growth Rates (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sector  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S&P 500 Sales (MRQ) vs. Qtr. 1 Yr. Ago  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25.81  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19.33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.07  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17.60 Sales (TTM) vs TTM 1 Yr. Ago  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  32.57  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22.67  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.81 Sales - 5 Yr. Growth Rate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27.54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.88  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.01  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.76 EPS (MRQ) vs Qtr. 1 Yr. Ago  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  36.72  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.87  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.47  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.59 EPS (TTM) vs TTM 1 Yr. Ago  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  34.01  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.68  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.79 EPS - 5 Yr. Growth Rate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.06  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27.20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.01  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.64 Capital Spending - 5 Yr. Growth Rate  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.33  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.59  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Financial Strength Financial Strength  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sector  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S&P 500 Quick Ratio (MRQ)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.84  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.99  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.94  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.20 Current Ratio (MRQ)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  18.78  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.79  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.54  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.69 LT Debt to Equity (MRQ)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.38  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.63 Total Debt to Equity (MRQ)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.44  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.44  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  0.79 Interest Coverage (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NM  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17.38  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.81  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.87   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profitability Ratios Profitability Ratios (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industry  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sector  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S&P 500 Gross Margin (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  73.42  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  63.67  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  68.92  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  46.09 Gross Margin - 5 Yr. Avg.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  64.02  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  62.12  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  68.29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  45.61 EBITD Margin (TTM)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23.87  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  23.66  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24.68  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  21.60 EBITD - 5 Yr.

Evolution of Community and Public Health Nursing Essay

Identify a minimum of 3 major events (or influences) in the evolution of community and public health nursing and describe how each event led to advancement of the field. For each event, describe the following: Key health issues at the time Perspectives and goals of community and public health nursing Roles and functions of community and public health nursing Community and public health partnerships at the time Event or Influence: No Child Left Behind Act signed into law (2001). Key health issues Over 50% failure rates noted throughout several states in the United States (Education Week, 2011). Perspective/goals Guaranteeing the quality of public education for all children in the United States with measures to hold schools accountable for their student’s progress by expanding the role of standardized testing (Frontline, 2013) Role/functions School nurses are affected indirectly by the heightened emphasis on accountability for achievement in public education. They actively promote and support achievement for all students in specific ways and help to provide a safe school environment (Costante, C., 2006). Health partnerships School administrators and school nurses come together to promote the well being of all children thus, promoting healthy lifestyles in order to children to perform to the best of his or her ability in school. Ensuring immunizations are up to date as well as supporting preventive screening. How did this event (or influence) advance community and public health nursing? Communication between families and the school district with the help of  school nurses increased the awareness of the importance of health goals. Communication increased with student websites. Promoted school nurse (Advanced Practiced Nurse) with the skills to provide primary health care to children of all ages in schools, thus improving the health and well being of children and adolescences (Keeton, V., Soleimanpour, S., & Brindis, C., 2012). Event or Influence: Balance Budget Act of 1997 created a new program to enable states of offer health insurance to children of low-income and uninsured families. Key health issues Children of low-income were uninsured therefore not receiving proper medical care for health screenings and immunizations as well as treatment for diseases such as pediatric diabetes (Balance Budget Act, 1997). Perspective/goals Projected to achieve gross federal Medicaid savings of $17 billion over those next five years and $61.4 billion over the next ten years from signing (Schneider, A., 1997). Role/functions Public health nurses were seen as having a vital role to achieve improvements in the health and social conditions of the most vulnerable populations (Kulobok, P.A., Thatcher, E., Meszaros, P.S., 2012). Health partnerships Coordination with other public and private programs providing coverage for low-income children. Assistance in helping families enrolling children in such programs. How did this event (or influence) advance community and public health nursing? Although this act helped budget finances for health care coverage for children of low income, it also advanced networks to promote primary care and preventive health care services also brought change in Medicare reimbursement practices (Allender, J., Rector, C., & Warner, K.,2014). Event or Influence: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Act was passed (1974) Key health issues Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is defined by the CDC as â€Å"the sudden  death of an infant less than one year of age that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation is conducted, including a complete autopsy, examination of death scene and review of the clinical history.† Perspective/goals To understand the underlying causes and mechanisms of the syndrome and provide prevention methods to reduce the risks of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Role/functions The role of the community and public health nurse would be to promote education for prevention and support for those who have had a loss due to SIDS Health partnerships National Institute of Child Health and Human Development focuses on the need for community resources. Coming together to develop educational programs to help with understanding of SIDS, preventions as well as risks. How did this event (or influence) advance community and public health nursing? The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Act helped provide information to the community through research and help understand risk factors thus reducing the incidences.

Greek Mythology: Naricissus relevancy to today Essay

Many tales have been told of Narcissus, the son of a god who fell to his peril due to his own vanity and love for himself. The story is told according to The Mythology Guide, and this is how it goes: Narcissus was cruel not in the case of Echo alone. He shunned all the rest of the nymphs as he had done poor Echo. One day a maiden, who had in vain endeavored to attract him, uttered a prayer that he might some time or other feel what it was to love and meet no return of affection. The avenging goddess heard and granted the  prayer. There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks. Nor did the mountain goats resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was it defaced with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it, and the rocks sheltered it from the sun. Hither came one day the youth fatigued with hunting, heated and thirsty. He stooped down to drink, and saw his own image in the water; he thought it was some beautiful water spirit living in the fountain. He stood gazing with admiration at those bright eyes, those locks curled like the locks of Bacchus or Apollo, the  rounded cheeks, the ivory neck, the parted lips, and the glow of health and exercise over all. He fell in love with himself. He brought his lips near to take a kiss; he plunged his arms in to embrace the beloved object. It fled at the touch, but returned again after a moment and renewed the fascination. He could not tear himself away; he lost all thought of food or rest, while he hovered over the brink of the fountain gazing upon his own image. He talked with the supposed spirit: â€Å"Why, beautiful being, do you shun me? Surely my face is not one to repel you. The nymphs love me, and you yourself look not indifferent upon me. When I stretch forth my arms you do the same; and you smile upon me and answer my beckonings with the like.† His tears fell into the water and disturbed the image. As he saw it depart, he exclaimed, â€Å"Stay, I entreat you! Let me at least gaze upon you, if I may not  touch you.† With this, and much more of the same kind, he cherished the flame that consumed him, so that by degrees he lost his color, his vigor, and the beauty which formerly had so charmed the nymph Echo. She kept near him, however, and when he exclaimed, â€Å"Alas! Alas!† she answered him with the same words. He pined away and died; and when his shade  passed the Stygian river, it leaned over the boat to catch a look of itself in the waters. The nymphs mourned for him, especially the water-nymphs; and when they smote their breasts, Echo smote hers also. They prepared a funeral pile, and would have burned the body, but it was nowhere to be found; but in its place a flower, purple within, and surrounded with white leaves, which bears the name and preserves the memory of Narcissus.(paraphrased from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Book III, Narcissus and Echo, lines 477-745) Vanity and the need for outward beauty must have always been an issue in the lives of men and women for this story of Narcissus to ring true even today. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines beauty as, â€Å"The quality that gives pleasure to the mind or senses and is associated with such properties as harmony of form or color, excellence of artistry, truthfulness, and originality.† Interesting definition in light of what men and women strive for in what they believe to be beautiful. The internet, magazines, television and the movies tell us what we should look like and what we should be striving for. What all the hysteria toward perfection has meant is billions of dollars spent with in the world of plastic surgery. A person that is dissatisfied with their outward appearance can easily have any part operated on, or filled with fat, or injected with silicon or collagen and viola, perfection! Well not exactly, in fact most people that have plastic surgery want more. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, â€Å"43% of all patients have two and three procedures done within the first three years of their first procedure.† The number one procedure in the Unites States in 2003 was Rhinoplasty, which is the reshaping of the nose. Three hundred thousand Americans had this type  of surgery, with Liposuction running a close second taking three hundred thousand twenty people having their fat sucked out from different areas of their bodies. Leaving breast implants, tummy tucks and eye lid lifts coming in next with over eight hundred thousand surgeries done a year. A quarter of all breast implants are later removed because of complications or concern of future complications. Many of the people interviewed state that they want these surgeries so that they can feel better about themselves, but really more often then not it seems that it is more about what others think. This brings us to media and the pressure for beauty that is beamed into our living rooms daily. Television shows such as The Swan, supposedly takes, self-proclaimed â€Å"ugly ducklings† and they are given the unique opportunity to realize their dreams on an unscripted series that turns a fairy tale into reality. In its first season, THE SWAN became the No. 1 makeover show on television among Adults 18-49. THE SWAN promises to take women who are stuck in a rut and revitalizes them by revealing their beauty and confidence. It offers them an incredible opportunity to undergo physical, mental and emotional transformations and follows them through the process. This series culminates in a spectacular pageant in which one woman ultimately is crowned â€Å"The Swan.† Each contestant is assigned a team of specialists – a coach, therapist, trainer, cosmetic surgeon, and dentist – who work together to design the ideal individually tailored program for her. The team assists the contestants in an overall transformation that is not just about physical change. Two contestants, who compete for a place in the pageant finale, are featured in every episode. The reveals of their individual transformations are especially dramatic because the women are not permitted to see themselves in a mirror during the three-month process. Thus, not only do they find out who has been selected to compete in the Swan Pageant and who will go home to her family, but they see themselves anew for the first time. This sounds so harmless while being life changing. Are these women really ugly ducklings and according to who? The description of the show sounds like it might be actually helping people feel better about themselves. It is the process and competition that makes the whole idea rather unappealing to so many not to  mention narcissistic, for in the end of each show the women finally get to see themselves after three months of dieting, exercise, plastic surgery from head to toe, tooth bleaching or veneers, hair coloring, cutting, and make-up, to reveal, â€Å"I’m so pretty† and then many of them say to the host of the show that they can not stop looking at themselves. They are admiring the outside appearance that has just taken a huge transformation. Then in the end there can only be one Swan and of course the other sixteen finalists are left to feel like they were not good enough or beautiful enough to be chosen, and all though they reinvented themselves they have been lowered back down to be losers yet again. Similar to The Swan is a makeover show on MTV called I Want a Famous Face, where people have plastic surgery to look like their favorite celebrity. Shows such as these inadvertently train people that it is acceptable to change their bodies so other will be happier with the way they look, and so that they can love themselves for the first times in their lives. In these days of plastic surgery to redefine ourselves there would not be a balance in the universe without a psychological diagnosis for these kinds of behaviors. Merriam Webster’s Dictionary describes Narcissism as, â€Å"excessive love or admiration of oneself, or a psychological condition characterized by self-preoccupation, lack of empathy, and unconscious deficits in self-esteem. Some narcissism could be healthy, â€Å"an individual’s existence would be in jeopardy if some narcissistic traits were not present. These traits protect the ego from severe damage inflicted by others.†(7,Vankin) In this case it can be protective to have some self love and overall it is important to have a healthy self image. Vankin goes on to further explain what true narcissism is, a pattern of traits and behaviors which signify infatuation and obsession with one’s self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s gratification, dominance and ambition. According to Vankin, most narcissists (75%) are men. Sam Vankin, Ph.D. has written a book on the subject of Narcissim, entitiled, Magnificent Self Love, in this book he describes narcissism as a personality disorder with distinguishable traits. Feels grandiose and self-important (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents to the point of lying, demands to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements) Is obsessed with fantasies of unlimited success, fame, fearsome power or omnipotence, unequalled brilliance (the cerebral narcissist), bodily beauty or sexual performance (the somatic narcissist), or ideal, everlasting, all-conquering love or passion Firmly convinced that he or she is unique and, being special, can only be understood by, should only be treated by, or associate with, other special or unique, or high-status people (or institutions) Requires excessive admiration, adulation, attention and affirmation – or, failing that, wishes to be feared and to be notorious (narcissistic supply) Feels entitled. Expects unreasonable or special and favorable priority treatment. Demands automatic and full compliance with his or her expectations Is â€Å"interpersonally exploitative†, i.e., uses others to achieve his or her own ends Devoid of empathy. Is unable or unwilling to identify with or acknowledge the feelings and needs of others Constantly envious of others or believes that they feel the same about him or her Arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes coupled with rage when frustrated, contradicted, or confronted Obviously it is fair to say that there are people in this world that could be so in love with themselves that it could be to their own demise. It is also good to know that although there is not a tremendous amount of research on the disorder that there is help out there for these individuals. The story does not end here, there is more to our hero Narcissus. The author goes on to say that when Narcissus dies, the goddess of the forest appeared and found the lake, which had been fresh water, transformed into a lake of salty tears. â€Å"Why do you weep?† the goddess asked. â€Å"I weep for Narcissus,† the lake replied. â€Å"Ah, it is no surprise that you weep for Narcissus,† they said, â€Å"for though we always pursued him in the forest, you alone could contemplate his beauty close at hand.† â€Å"But†¦ was Narcissus beautiful?† the lake asked. â€Å"Who better than you to know that?† the goddesses said in wonder. â€Å"After all, it was by your banks that he knelt each day to contemplate himself!† The lake was silent for some time. Finally it said: â€Å"I weep for Narcissus, but I never noticed that Narcissus was beautiful. I weep because, each time he knelt beside my banks, I could see, in the depths of his eyes, my own beauty reflected.† This story contains the essence of the impact we can have on others without even knowing it. People should remember that the reflection of ourselves, in the eyes of others during our communication with them, is usually the one that we put there ourselves. Perhaps Thoreau said it best: What a man thinks of himself, that is which determines, or rather indicates, his fate† – Henry David Thoreau

Documentary film called The Corporation.

Documentary film called The Corporation. Introduction The documentary identifies that corporations often apply some potentially harmful techniques in their production system as they seek to increase their profits. There has not been a lot of interest in identifying the potential harm that some production processes in corporations pose to ordinary people since most people have not been affected directly.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Documentary film called The Corporation. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The documentary goes ahead to give real life examples of how corporations are overlooking even basic human rights in their quest to grow and increase their competitive edge in the market. While it is identified that corporations are participating in unethical practices, apparently the liability cannot be placed on one specific person. The growth of corporations as it is explained in the documentary, promises a not so rosy picture of our future. The most unfortunate part is that we are all responsible for the unethical practices of these corporations since we fuel their greed by buying their products (Gevurtz, 2010). After identifying the inefficiencies that are inherent in corporations, the documentary raises the question of how we can manage the behavior of corporations to ensure that there are no innocent people who are being hurt by their activities. Among the issues identified as the major motivators of corporations and their behavior is the particular aspect identified as the corporate veil, corporate person-hood and the priorities of corporations in their production processes (Abbott Springer, 2010). Argument The documentary outlines some major issues that have to be addressed to stop the corporate irresponsibility, but these issues can only be solved if the particular motivators to corporate action are identified. It is identified that most strategic managers often make decisions based on the particular well-being of the company as opposed to the well-being of the people that the company serves. This is worsened by the fact that there is always a monetary attachment to every decision made as it is identified that the number one driver behind corporate conduct is profit maximization. On the other hand, there is the compulsion to behave and produce their goods and services responsibly and this can only stem from legal liabilities (Kraakman, 2009). It has been identified that the legal system is weak and inefficient in attaching some form of responsibility to corporate actions. Limited Liability It is identified in the documentary that the main reason why corporations do not feel compelled to act responsibly is because there is no one in particular to take responsibility for the decisions made. While the owners of the corporation may be identified as the major beneficiaries of these unethical acts, they are not liable for any negative repercussions as their liability in the corporation is limite d to their stake in the company.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is quite unfortunate as it is identified in the documentary that some of the repercussions of unethical corporate conduct often end tragically (Gevurtz, 2010). This should warrant quite some substantial amount of liability, but it is often identified that the company is fined a particular amount of money, which is sometimes identified as quite negligible considering the huge capacity of these corporations. The corporate veil, as it is sometimes identified, often shields the owners of a company from any major responsibilities even though they are often the powers behind most of the corporate actions (Kraakman, 2009). While human nature dictates that one has to want more out of his or her investments, this should not justify some of the actions that corporate shareholders take. While it may be allowed to take advantage of resources that are available in the market, it is important to identify that there are some repercussions to such actions (Macmillan, 2004). The ethical thing to do would be to take responsibility of those repercussions and seek to mitigate the negative effects. It is, however, identified that since most owners of these corporations are absolved by law from taking any personal responsibilities of the actions of their corporations, they do not feel compelled to mitigate the negative effects. This is perhaps the reason behind the recurrence of the negative actions as it is identified in the documentary. While some corporations may be erred in a particular country for employing children as it is identified in the case of sweat shops, they will continue with similar activities in another country even though they have already identified that it is wrong (Greenfield, 2006). All over history laws have been made to tame the wild nature of humanity as it is ident ified that our selfishness has the tendency to make act irrationally. There is, therefore, a need to evaluate the particular aspect of liability in as far as corporations are concerned to as to identify any new solutions to corporate irresponsibility (Abbott Springer, 2010). The fact that some of the liability extends to the particular strategic managers in a company serves to at least manage their behavior. It is often identified that when monetary liability is attached to a person, he or she may not be too serious in avoiding negative repercussions as he or she knows that there may be more money to be made through the same corporation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Documentary film called The Corporation. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal responsibility on the other hand serves to deter people from making unethical decisions. This is because of the particular fear of serving a prison term or lo sing their family property. The solution to the particular corporate greed and irresponsibility that is identified in the documentary may, therefore, lies in the attachment of the shareholders as well as the particular strategic managers responsible for these negative decisions, personal property (Gevurtz, 2010). It is identified that in countries such as China, companies that make products that are injurious to the health of the general population are often fined heavily and the owners as well as the managers serve some prison time. This ensures that such cases do not recur and the rest of the population is advised against such acts. This is common especially in the construction industry. Corporate Person-hood It is identified that the corporate person-hood is quite distinct from the legal definition especially when it comes to acting ethically. While by law corporations may be treated as independent entities their owners are identified to enjoy being part of the corporations even though they are not held responsible for their actions. It is important to note that the particular aspect of person-hood serves to ensure that some form of responsibility is attached to the actions of a corporation. The identification of who the corporation is in regard of unethical practices is, however, limited to the corporation itself and this often raises some problems when choosing to allocate responsibility for actions done. It is identified that this may be the reason behind the increase in court cases where monetary reprieves are offered to victims of corporate conduct (Macmillan, 2004). The fact that corporate person-hood suggests that the company should be able to empathize with their particular customers as well as other stakeholders in their production processes may not be accurate. Corporations often take the selfish nature of the people who run them and while they may be seeking to serve the general population, they still have some personal goals that they have to ac hieve with no regard for the value of human life. The current legal systems do not compel the corporations to act responsibly since they still treat them as financial entities and any form of legal recognition that they are given is based on their financial might (Greenfield, 2006). This is perhaps the reason behind the reduced activism to compel big corporations to act ethically. It is identified in the documentary that the bigger the corporation in terms if financial might, the more the complaints against its production processes. It has also been identified that the bigger a corporation is, the less responsibility they take in regard to the injuries that they inflict on to the general population. The financial might is also responsible for the evidenced circumventing of legal structures such that they do not have to take responsibility on their actions. This is even worse for corporations that have their operations in some of the developing and poor countries of the world where i t is identified that corruption is rampant.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Requirement to Maximize Shareholders’ Profits It is identified that the requirement by most shareholders that corporate managers increase the overall profits often forces them to come up with cost cutting as well as profit maximizing techniques. These profit maximizing actions are often harmful to either the customers or other stakeholders in the production process. The need to produce cheaply is identified as one major drivers behind the production of substandard products that are injurious to human health (Macmillan, 2004). Even though it is identified that most employees do not necessarily agree with some of the actions of the companies that they work for, they have to continue doing so since they depend on those jobs for their livelihood. One of the cases identified in the documentary is that of a woman and her children who were injured and heavily scared after their car, which was involved in an accident, caught fire. It was later identified that the fire was due to a de sign flaw that GM had previously identified in its quest to reduce production costs (Greenfield, 2006). The strategic managers at GM then chose to cut the total cost of producing that car by launching a product that had design flaws. In this case, the need to maximize profits resulted in physical harm, but the law in most cases is silent on cost reduction mechanisms citing coverage by the identified safety standards. There is, therefore, a need to set up clear laws that define the particular limits of profit maximization strategies as sometimes it is identified that there is no particular limit as to whatever lengths that strategic managers in a corporation may be willing to go to increase their profits. Personal responsibility should, however, prevail when employees are faced with dilemma on ethical business practices (Kraakman, 2009). Conclusion The current legal guidelines that corporations subscribe to are still inefficient in terms of liability and even though it is identified that they were designed to ensure that corporations are self sustaining, there should be a limit in regard to the level of autonomy that they enjoy. It is identified that while many decisions are done by people who have a stake in the corporations, they do not seem to care what the effects of their actions may be since they have nothing to lose in case of a negative eventuality (Abbott Springer, 2010). There is, therefore, the need to ensure that corporations have a limit as to the particular actions that they can take to increase their competitive edge in the market as well as their profits. If legal structures are put in place they may be able to limit the amount of liabilities that are raised due to unethical corporate actions. These may be tied to the particular liability of all the stakeholders in the organization or clear guidelines on industry practices in regard to the particular limits of production processes so as to reduce negative repercussions. This should also be able to reduce the current legal as well as the political might that corporations enjoy. This is identified as one of the major reasons behind unethical practices since they know they can get away with anything that they do and there is not much that the victims can do and in case of legal liability they can just pay off the little fines that are imposed on them and continue with their unfair practices. References Abbott, H., S, Springer, F., M. (2010). Corporation Law: A Comprehensive Treatise on Federal and State Legislation Relative to Private and Public Service Corporations and Interstate Commerce. New York: BiblioBazaar. Gevurtz, F. (2010). Corporation law. New York: West. Greenfield, K. (2006). The failure of corporate law: fundamental flaws and progressive possibilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kraakman, R., H. (2009). The anatomy of corporate law: a comparative and functional approach. New York: Oxford University Press. Macmillan, F. (2004). International corporat e law, Volume 1. New York: Hart Publishing.

Balance Sheet and Income Statement Essay Example for Free

Balance Sheet and Income Statement Essay Balance Sheet and Income Statement Jennifer Grayson BSA/500 June 4, 2011 Brian Keltch Balance Sheet and Income Statement The following four companies are related to the companies that have been in review over the last four weeks. These four following companies show how well the company has been doing over the last two years or not so well. The company has pulled their balance sheets and income statement to see if all the company’s financial needs are being met. If the company’s needs are not being met, the company will show where the company needs to cut back and where the company needs to improve. Conclusion National Plastic Co. s not doing well after a year. The company has less net fixed assets after a year. The company has borrowed less liability but the company has less revenue so with the changes it did not work in the favor for the company. AMERCO Inc. is still doing about the same after a year. The big thing is that the company is still able to bring in money with the economy at its worst. The company is able to run comfortable. Kout Food Group is doing about the same as the year before. No growth has happen and no lost has happen. Resaas Services Inc. has made the most growth in a year. In 2010 the total liabilities and equity was 0. 8% and in 2011 5. 67%. The company gained more than 5. 39%. Resaas is doing well. To look at all the different company’s income statements and balance sheets show that no two companies are the same. Some companies may do better than others may and some may not do well at all. It is important for all companies to make sure to have a financial statement. Reference BLOOMBERG L. P. (2012). Balance Sheet and Income Statement. (2018, Oct 26).

Social Psychologhy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Psychologhy - Essay Example as depicted by the signage of â€Å"Maps to U.S.A.† Cartoon #2 shows that the officials of U.S.A. government projects conflicting messages to people of Mexico. U.S.A. offers job to immigrants from Mexico but strictly enforces stoppage of illegal immigration. Thus, people from the other side of the fence assessed the government as having a disorder. Borderline personality disorder is described as â€Å"Socially more like the neurotic but they behave vocationally more like the schizophrenic.   Borderline patients act out in a variety of ways: Self destructive acts, destructive acts towards others, anti social behavior, such as drug and alcohol abuse† (Rosberg, 2006). The cartoon showed ironic remarks by one viewer asking if the representative of U.S.A. is demonstrating symptomatic behavior of a schizophrenic, but another remarked that he’s much more of exhibiting a Borderline Personality Disorder, which is manifested by his anti-social behavior towards others as demonstrated by the warnings against illegal immigration, yet offering job opportunities for non-U.S. citizens. Cartoon #3 shows the effort of a man to cross the Rio Grande to reach the American dream of securing a job. He even dodged the sight of an official patrolling the border just to be told that there’s no job available since most of the jobs are given to Mexico. The dominant theme found on the three (3) cartoons is the current social standing of the U.S. government in dealing with illegal immigration, more specifically among Mexicans who crosses the border. Mexico is currently experiencing lack of job opportunities and most of its people seek answer in adjoining country, specifically the U.S. However, the fence representing the border between the two adjoining country is a physical barrier that can easily be broken by persevering individuals who wishes to reach their American dream. But the U.S. government, despite campaigns of stopping

Tsunami Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tsunami Analysis - Essay Example The process of research is the backbone to the preparation of any piece of academic writing. Research involves the processes of acknowledging sources, avoiding plagiarism, in-text referencing and preparation of references. According to an article from the University of Canberra, many students write their academic papers based on the ideas of other writers or authors. As a result, it is proper for these students to acknowledge sources since it gives credibility to the source or piece of writing being prepared. The acknowledgement of sources helps in supporting research conducted by the student or researcher. The article further clarifies that acknowledgement of sources gives authority to a piece of writing while at the same time it helps in avoiding plagiarism. Plagiarism is a crime that many students usually commit knowingly and unknowingly which can be avoided by properly acknowledging sources (Harbord, 2007). Finally the article gives examples of pieces of writing that could be con sidered as academic. Academic writing assignments include dissertations, literature reviews and annotated bibliographies which are commonly written by students. Dissertations can be short or long pieces of writing while literature reviews is a piece of writing that gives an overview of a research question or issue. Annotated bibliographies are also used in summarizing sources listed in the reference list and they are effective is shading light into the general idea expressed by the writer (Harbord, 2007). Different academic writing styles make use of citation styles such as APA, MLA and Harvard in acknowledging the sources from different authors. Generally, the article was important in giving... The paper tells that Asian Tsunami of the year 2004 did not spear the environment since several coastlands where the coastlines were redrawn leading to change in coastlines. For instance, the Andaman and Nicobar islands were severely destroyed by the Asian tsunami. Sea creatures were not speared in the aftermath of the tsunami as many sea animals were killed especially around the epicentre of the undersea earthquake. Once the ocean moved a lot of damage and catastrophe were noticed within a short period of time. The devastation led was noticed by the International community and many countries came along to the aid of the affected countries and people. Australia was one of the countries that came to the aid of the affected regions and people in the Asian region. Several Australian tourists who were holidaying in the region were evacuated with the help of the Australian governments. The tsunami was massive and it reached the coast of Australia but it did not cause a lot of damage. Aust ralia, the United States of America and several European countries mopped up funds and personnel aid to the Asian countries hit by the tsunami. Many people were displaced by the tsunami and they were in dire need of help thus help was extended to them. Most of these internally displaced people (IDP’s) lacked food, shelter, water and health services hence international community in conjunction with aid agencies such as the Red Cross and Medicine San Frontiers.

Any work of art in Baltimore Museum of Art or Walter's Museum Research Paper

Any work of art in Baltimore Museum of Art or Walter's Museum - Research Paper Example The artist here worked skillfully to make the viewer share these feelings. The artist was inspired by the work and ideologies of modern theologians, who implored the faithful to recognize with Christ in his torment. This painting was intended to point to Christ’s torment by depicting him hanging greatly with bowed head and bleeding wounds. A swarm of other statures forms the backdrop of the cross, and they are frequently notable for their expressiveness. From the artwork, the Virgin Mary weeps piteously in the foreground. Other hosts of statures are in oriental dress just gaze at Christ as if he has somewhat enthused them. These figures reflect a shift from style, but it also permeates the scene with enhanced reality, which in effect makes the episode more available to virtuous rumination (MacArthur 12-25). In this German art, episodes from the Passion have made the concentration of greater independent picture. This approach by the artist bought new probabilities for artists a s well as virtuous viewers. The artist seems to have been influenced by the spirit of Transformation, which is why he worked deftly to involve the emotions in meditation of Christ’s suffering and death. His painting dispenses with details of tales and environment and so compels the observer into undeviating engagement with the body of Christ. He has achieved this by showing Christ’s suffering with categorical realism at close proximity to the observer. â€Å"His style is nothing but a striking demonstration of the potency of artistic custom in the service of expressive effect.†2 The compacted configuration and superlative costumes of the statures both demonstrate the artist’s experience and emphasize the scenes reality (MacArthur 25-28). The Catholic Church reconfirmed the value of images in Christian devotion and the significance of the emotions in religious experience. These judgments warranted that the Church would persist to stimulate commissions for Italian painters, and that the life of Christ would retain its significance in art. Many paintings of the passion of Christ were commissioned for a Church. The body of Christ hanging on the wooden cross pertains to the image of a powerless, undressed tormented man, and many observers of the artwork recognize the culture of crucifixion. The nuisance of Christ’s crucifixion tale on the artwork is somewhat a type of defacement, which is, engraving a sophisticated narrative of sin and consecration onto the body of someone powerless, converting the maimed body of another into a symbol. The painter has used figures and environments in a life-like manner to make the scenes appear existent and the message convincing. Christ is the innermost stature in the painting. The painter has adroitly utilized the symbols and tales of Christianity to narrate the happening in the artwork, shaping how the violence is viewed and understood. â€Å"Christ’s crucifixion endeavors to make conse quential the suffering of another, but still stimulates another desecration.†3 Superimposing a Christian tale on a worshipper’s suffering to provide that suffering meaning in terms of the individuals causing that suffering thinks a narrative of triumph, salvation, where there is none

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania

Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition in Nano-titania Thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate in the presence of commercial nano-titania Mostafa Mahinroosta* Abstract Addition of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (especially transition metal oxides) to ammonium perchlorate improves its thermal decomposition via decreasing the high temperature of decomposition. Two mechanisms including electron-transfer and proton-transfer have been proposed for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. In this research field, nanometer transition metal oxides have attracted a growing attention. Titanium dioxide exists under three crystalline forms of rutile, anatase, and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more stable than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. In the present study, commercial nano-titania with an average particle size of 10-25 nm was added to ammonium perchlorate. Catalytic effect of the titania nanoparticles on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate was evaluated. Some samples of ammonium perchlorate consisting of various mass l oadings of nano-titania were prepared. Thermogravimetry analysis results indicate that addition of titania nanoparticles to ammonium perchlorate lessens decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate. The most decrease in the decomposition temperature was 61  °C and observed in the presence of 3 wt.% of nanometer titanium dioxide. Keywords: Titania; Ammonium perchlorate; Thermal decomposition; Nanostructure. 1. Introduction Over the past few years, nanoparticles of many different compounds and combinations have received considerable attention in the scientific and engineering research fields [1]. Nanometer materials exhibit a much larger surface area for a certain mass or volume compared to conventional particles [2]. The oxide nanoparticles are the materials with good electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties that are different from their bulk counterparts [3]. Reduction in the particle size lessens the transient heat conduction travel through the particle over time, and an increase in the surface-to-volume ratio leads to better dispersion of the particles in the mixture, increasing the reactant sites. Finally, the nanometer particles can have completely different surface chemistry, often better than their micron-sized counterparts [4]. Among these nanostructure oxides, titanium dioxide or titania (TiO2) nanostructures have emerged as one of the most promising materials because of their p otential for gas sensors, especially for humidity and oxygen detection [2, 3, 5], optical devices [3, 5, 6], photocatalysis [2, 3, 6], fabricating capacitors in microelectronic devices due to its unusually high dielectric constant [3, 6], pigments [2, 7], adsorbents [7], and solar cells [5]. A relatively low level of TiO2 is needed to achieve a white opaque coating which is resistant to discoloration under ultraviolet light. TiO2 pigment is used in many diverse products, such as paints, coatings, glazes, enamels, plastics, papers, inks, fibers, foods, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics. Pure titanium dioxide is colorless in the massive state, non-toxic, thermally stable, inert versus acids, alkalis and solvents, and insoluble. It exists under three fundamental crystalline phases: rutile which is the most stable and the most abundant form, anatase (octahedrite) and brookite. All three forms occur naturally but the latter is rather rare and has no commercial interest. Anatase becomes more s table than rutile when the particle size is decreased below 14 nm. Generally speaking, the functional properties of nano-TiO2 are influenced by a large number of factors such as particle size, surface area, synthesis method and conditions, and crystallinity [2]. The presence of nano metals and metal oxides especially transition metal oxides as the nanocatalyst in solid propellant formulations tailors the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP in short). Thermal decomposition improvement of AP as a powerful oxidizer salt has attracted many attentions [1, 4, 8-10]. Decrease amounts of decomposition temperature of AP in the presence of the different nano metal and metal oxides are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 is here Vargeese [26] showed that significant reduction in activation energy indicates a strong catalytic activity of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP. Fujimura and Miyake [27] studied the effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of AP and concluded that the thermal decomposition temperature of AP decreases when the specific surface area of TiO2 increases. The catalytic effect of commercial nanometer titanium dioxide on the thermal decomposition of AP is investigated within the scope of this study. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Materials Ammonium perchlorate (monomodal 120  µm) was purchased from Merck. Commercial nano-TiO2 in anatase form was purchased from Pishgaman Company located in Mashhad, Iran (Figure. 1). Its purity was more than 99%. Chemical composition and physical properties of nano-TiO2 are given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Table 2 is here Table 3 is here 2.2. Methods 2.2.1. X-ray diffraction analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles was performed with a Philips PW 1800 powder X-ray diffractometer using CuKÃŽ ± radiation at 40 kV and 30 mA. 2.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of nano-TiO2 was prepared on a Philips transmission electron microscope operated at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. 2.2.3. Thermogravimetry analysis The thermal decomposition processes of the samples were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) using Dupont 2000 instrument at a heating rate of 10  °C/min until temperature of 600  °C. 2.2.4. Sample preparation The AP was mixed with various mass loadings of TiO2 nanoparticles namely 1, 2, and 3 wt.% to prepare the samples for thermal decomposition study. Theses samples were labeled as AP1T (AP+1% nano-TiO2), AP2T (AP+2% nano-TiO2), and AP3T (AP+3% nano-TiO2). Before thermal decomposition experiments using TGA technique, the samples were homogenized. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Characterization of nanostructure The TEM analysis was performed to confirm the actual size of the particles and the distribution of the crystallites. It is clear from the micrograph that the average size of the particles is located in range of 10-25 nm. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles is shown in Figure 2. Clear spherical structure can be seen from this figure. Figure 3 shows the X-ray diffractogram of the commercial nano-TiO2. It can be obviously seen that that diffraction peaks appear in the pattern associated with the anatase phase with proper crystalline nature. A very strong anatase peak is observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 25.25 °, assigned to (101) plane. Other anatase peaks are observed at 2ÆÅ ¸ of 37.7 ° (004), 47.7 ° (200), 53.54 ° (105), and 62.32 ° (204). 3.2. Catalytic activity of nano-titania Figure 4 shows the TGA curve for the thermal decomposition of pure AP. As can be seen in figure 4, the first exothermic peak is appeared in temperature of 327  °C that accompanied by a weight loss of 18 wt.%. This peak can be related to the partial decomposition of AP and the formation of some NH3 and HClO4 via dissociation and sublimation. The second exothermic peak is occurred in temperature of 411  °C. The weight loss in this stage is about 92 wt.% that is corresponding to complete decomposition of transition products to volatile products. Figure 5 presents the TGA curves associated with thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles. From this figure, it is clear that the partial decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is happened in a temperature much lower than 327  °C. Also, complete decomposition of AP in the presence of 1, 2, and 3 wt.% of TiO2 nanoparticles is occurred in temperatures of 370, 360, and 350  °C, respectively that accompanied by decrease of 41, 51, and 61 °C, respectively. It is obvious that addition of nano-sized TiO2 to AP has deep effect on the exothermic decomposition of AP. According to these results, it can be concluded that the catalytic effect of nano-sized TiO2 is observed mainly on high-temperature decomposition process and not on the initial stages of decomposition. 3.3. Mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP Based on the recent studies, two main mechanisms have been suggested for thermal decomposition of AP [11, 16, 17, 21]: First mechanism: electron transfer from perchlorate ion to ammonium ion which is as follows: ClO4+NH3+→ClO40+NH40 NH40→NH3+H ClO40+ClO4=ClO4+ClO40 HClO4+H→H2O+ClO3 Second mechanism: proton transfer from ammonium ion to perchlorate ion which is as follows: NH4ClO4(s) →NH4++ClO4→NH3(s) +HClO4(s) →NH3(g) +HClO4(g) For first mechanism, it is proposed that the rate-determining stage is electron transfer and inasmuch as the p-type semiconductors have positive holes, they can accept the released electron from perchlorate ion. Thus, these catalysts accelerate the electron transfer. eoxide+ClO4→Ooxide+ClO3→1/2O2+ClO3+eoxide in which eoxide is a positive hole in the valence band of the oxide and Ooxide is an abstracted oxygen atom from oxide. It is clear that this mechanism includes two steps: 1) oxidation of ammonia and 2) dissociation of ClO4 species into ClO3 and O2. In first step, metal oxides exhibit high catalytic activity in ammonia oxidation and in second step metal oxides accept the released electron from ammonia oxidation that may promote the dissociation of ClO4 into ClO3 and O2. For second mechanism, steps (I)-(III) have been proposed. In step (I), the ammonium and perchlorate ions are paired. Step (II) is started with proton transfer from NH4+ cation to ClO4 anion and the molecular complex is formed that then is decomposed into NH3 and HClO4 in step (III). The molecules of NH3 and HClO4 react in adsorbed layer on the perchlorate surface or they are desorbed and sublimed that is accompanied by interactions in gas phase. NH4+ClO4 ↔ NH3-H-ClO4 ↔ NH3-HClO4 ↔ NH3(a)+HClO4(a) (I) (II) (III) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ NH3(g)+HClO4(g) At low temperature (2, N2O, Cl2, NO, and H2O are formed. Based on proton transfer, during high-temperature decomposition, the nanoparticles adsorb the reactive molecules on their surface and catalyze the reaction. The existence of more holes in p-type semiconductor catalysts is responsible for the increasing of the AP decomposition. In this study, the mechanism of thermal decomposition of AP in the presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles can be explained as follows: Titanium has the electronic configuration of [Ar]3d24s2. Experiments have demonstrated that it can form both +3 and +4 oxidation state, so it can lose 3 or 4 electrons to form cations. The +4 state is the most common and stable, because it is able to form an octet. The +3 state is less stable (more reactive) because it leaves a single d electron in the valence orbital. Ti4+ cation in TiO2 structure has s and d-type orbitals with 3d04s0 electronic configuration. These orbitals have not been filled with electrons and provide a useful space for electron transfer in AP thermal decomposition and play the role of a bridge. By accepting transferred electrons resulted from ClO4 degradation, ClO4 degradation is promoted. On the other hand, TiO2 nanoparticles have high specific surface area and large amount of surface active sites that increase adsorption of reactive molecules in gas phase to the surface and promote the redox reactions between them. 4. Conclusions The results of thermogravimetry analysis show that the nanometer titanium dioxide has significant catalytic effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The presence of nano-sized titanium dioxide improves significantly the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. With increase of content of nanometer titanium dioxide, the decrease in decomposition temperature of ammonium perchlorate becomes greater. 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[27] Fujimura, K and Miyake, A: The effect of specific surface area of TiO2 on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. J Therm Anal Calorim, 99, 27-31 (2010). Figure legends Figure 1. Commercial nano-TiO2 used in this study Figure 2. TEM image of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 3. XRD patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles Figure 4. TGA curve related to pure AP Figure 5. TGA curves related to (a) AP1T, (b) AP2T, and (c) AP3T Table 1. Reported data from the literature on the decrease in AP decomposition temperature in the presence of different nano metal and metal oxides. Nanocatalyst Preparation method Amount (wt.%) Decrease in decomposition temperature ( °C) Reference Nano-yttria Sol-gel 5 114.6 [11] CuO/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 95.83 [12] Co2O3/AP composite nanoparticles A novel solvent-nonsolvent method 137.11 [12] NiO nanoparticles Solid-state reaction 2 93 [13] Ni nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma method 2-5 92-105 [14] Nano-sized MgO Sol-gel 2 75 [15] Nano-sized ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 Electrochemical method 2 59 [16] Nanometer CoFe2O4 Polyol-medium solvothermal 2 112.8 [17] Nano-MnFe2O4 Co-precipitation phase inversion 3 77.3 [18] Nano-MnFe2O4 Low-temperature combustion 3 84.9 [18] Sphere-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 81 [19] pod-like ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3 NH3 ·H2O and NaOH solution to adjust the pH value 72 [19] Nanometer CoC2O4 Co-precipitation 2 104 [20] Nano-sized CuO Sol-gel 90.47 [21] Nano-sized Co3O4 Sol-gel 92.07 [21] Nano-sized CuCo2O4 Sol-gel 102.78 [21] CuO nanocrystals Simple chemical deposition 2 85 [22] Nanometer CuFe2O4 Auto-combustion method 2 105 [23] Co nanoparticles Hydrogen plasma 2 145.01 [24] Cu-Co nanocrystal Hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol 1 96 [25] Cu-Fe 1 89 Cu-Zn 1 114 Table 2. Chemical composition of nano-TiO2 Element Mg Nb Al S Si Ca Amount (ppm) Table 3. Physical properties of nano-TiO2 Bulk density (g/cm3) Actual density (g/cm3) Average particle size (nm) Specific surface area (m2/g) Color 0.24 3.90 10 to 25 200 to 240 white 1